CNS Flashcards
benign mimics of malignancy
radiotherapy
infarcts
demyelination
infection
gliosis
pineal cyst (adjacent gland is cellular)
infarcts - check for…
thrombi/emboli
amyloid
vasculitis
hypertension
demyelination
MS
PML
central pontine myelinolysis
infections
JC virus
HSV (esp temporal lobe)
CMV
cryptococcus
toxoplasmosis
cysticercosis
hydatid cyst
malignant mimics of benign
LG diffuse astrocytoma
germinoma with inflammation
haemorrhage/necrosis in a tumour
nearly normal brain
vessels: amyloid angiopathy, vasculitis, hypertension, emboli
degenerative: Alzheimers, Lewy body
infection: spongiform encephalopathy
tumour: intravascular DLBCL
other: hippocampal sclerosis, pituitary apoplexy
HIV encephalopathy
encephalitis (microglial nodules with giant cells)
leukoencephalopathy (diffuse demyelination)
infection
malignancy
foamy macrophages
demyelination
infarct
infection
lymphoma (treated with steroids)
granulomas
infection
sarcoid
vasculitis (CNS or systemic)
germinoma
cysts (categories)
glial
ependymal
arachnoid
epithelial
epithelial cysts
Rathke cleft: sellar, resp or non-keratinising sq epithelium
colloid: 3rd ventricle/FOM, cuboidal +/- cilia
dermoid: midline, keratinising sq, sample to exclude teratoma
epidermoid: more lateral, keratinising sq
foregut cyst: anterior spinal cord, mucinous or resp epithelium
cystic neoplasm
glial cysts
pineal
simple (cerebellum)
syrinx (spinal cord)
cystic neoplasm
craniopharyngioma
pilocytic astrocytoma
PXA
ganglioglioma
haemangioblastoma
papillary craniopharyngioma vs epidermoid cyst
CP: sellar/suprasellar, no keratin/granular layer
grading (atypical/anaplastic forms)
anaplastic astrocytoma: 2/3 mitoses/10HPF (no MVP or necrosis)
atypical meningioma: 4 (or other criteria)
anaplastic ependymoma: 5 (+/- MVP and necrosis)
anaplastic oligodendroglioma: 6 (+/- MVP and necrosis)
anaplastic meningioma: 20