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Pathology > CNS > Flashcards

CNS Flashcards

1
Q

What is the job of the oligodendrocytes

A

Myelination

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2
Q

What is the job of the microglial cells

A

Immune effector cells (CNS Macrophage)

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3
Q

What cells help in the movement of CSF

A

Ependymal cells

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4
Q

What disease is associated with loss of neuromelanin

A

Parkinsons

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5
Q

What makes CSF

A

Choroid Plexus

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6
Q

What is global cerebral ischemia

A

Brain dead after a heart attack

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7
Q

Ischemic stroke

A

Classic stroke, one vessel affected

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8
Q

Hemorrhagic stroke

A

Emboli vs thrombi multi-focal

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9
Q

2 types of cerebrovascular hemorrhage

A

Intracerebral

Berry Aneurysm

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10
Q

Which cerebral artery supplies 90% of blood to brain

A

MCA

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11
Q

What are a few potential causes of a Global CI

A

Shock

Cardiac Arrest

Hypotensive Episode

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12
Q

What does F.A.S.T. stand for

A

Face Arm Speech Time

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13
Q

What color are the dying neurons in the histology of Ischemic stroke pictures?

A

Dense purple/red….pyknotic and dense

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14
Q

What kind of infiltrate do you see in 24-48 hours

A

Neutrophil

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15
Q

What kind of infiltrate occurs after 2days-2weeks

A

Macrophages

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16
Q

What happens to the area of the infarct if the patient survives past three weeks

A

Cavitated lesion due to liquefactive necrosis

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17
Q
A

Hemorrhagic Stroke

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18
Q
A

Intraparanchymal Hemorrhage

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19
Q

What does an intraparenchymal hemorrhage look like

A

Cerebral blood clot

Occurs in the deep grey or white matter

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20
Q

What are the two causes of subarachnoid hemorrhage?

A

Trauma Berry Aneurysm

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21
Q

What hemorrhage has a lucid period before passing out

A

Epidural Hemorrhage

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22
Q

What ruptures before a subdural hemorrhage

A

Bridging veins

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23
Q

Where does the berry aneurysm happen?

A

Base of skull

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24
Q

What shape do you look for on a CT scan for a berry aneurysm?

A

Star pattern

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25
Q

What are the two major issues with HTN

A

Arteriosclerosis Charcot-Bouchard microaneurysms

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26
Q

What is the term for an infarction caused by atherosclerotic occlusion?

A

Lacunar Infarct

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27
Q

Insert Lacunar infarct picture

A

Lacunar Infarct

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28
Q

What can cause a “blown pupil”

A

Oncular herniation

29
Q

What nutrient deficiency is linked to neural tube defects?

A

Folate

30
Q

What is anencephaly

A

absense of cranial vault

no cerebral cortex, incompatible with life.

Only brainstem

31
Q

Spina bifida occulta

A

asymptomatic some vertebrae aren’t completely closed

32
Q

Meningocele

A

Protrusion of meninges (filled with CSF) Fixable

33
Q

Myelomengocele

A

Exposed spinal cord. Intrauterine surgery required to save as much function as possible

34
Q

Who is at risk for germinal matrix hemorrhage

A

Low birth weight and very early delivery.

Less then 34 weeks

35
Q

Two intrauterine ischemic events

A

Periventricular leukomalacia (chalky white matter) Multicystic encephalopathy. Brain cysts and seizures

36
Q

Arnold Chiari Type I

A

Asymptomatic cerebellar malformation and easily fixable

37
Q

Arnold Chiari Type 2

A

Congenital Cerebellar malformation Small posterior fossa 4th Ventricular compression Hydrocephalus Lumbar Meningomyelocele

38
Q

Dandy Walker Malformation

A

Two hemispheres of the cerebellum are not connected. Kids usually don’t live

39
Q

Bacterial CSF

A

High Neutrophils Low Glucose

40
Q

Viral

A

High Lymphocytes Normal Glucose

41
Q

Neonates Bacterial Meningitis

A

E coli Group B

42
Q

Infants

A

Strep. pneumo

H. influenza (Vaccine)

43
Q

Young adults

A

Neisseria

44
Q

Elderly

A

Strep. pnuemo

Listeria

45
Q
A

HSV

46
Q
A

Rabies Encephalitis

Negri bodies

Perkinji Cells

47
Q
A

Measles Encephalitis

Subacute sclerosing panencephalitits (5-10 years after clearning virus)

48
Q
A

PML

JC Virus

Immunocompromised Demyelination (Blue to white on slide)

49
Q

Toxoplasmosis

A

Get it from cats

50
Q
A

Cryptococcus Abcess

Fungal

AIDS Patients

51
Q

What cromosome codes the CJD protein located on

A

20

52
Q

Are most CJD cases infective?

A

No genetic

53
Q

Clinical of CJD

A

Rapidly progressive dementia

Spongiform and atrophy

Amyloid plaques

54
Q

Which CJD is from eating bad beef

A

vCJD

55
Q

What are the 2 types of trauma to brain

A

Blunt force Sharp/Projectile

56
Q

What are determinants of blunt force trauma

A

Shape of object (flat v. angled)

Amount of force applied

Brain movement relative to head (linear rotation, acceleration/deceleration)

57
Q

Determinant of sharp/projectile

A

Projectile velocity is more important than size

58
Q

Contusion Skin

A

blood exiting dermal vessels, skin surface not broken Pattern injury

59
Q

Contusion Brain

A

Damage to surface of brain at crest of gyri, rarely you can get deep white matter bruises

60
Q

two types of cerebral contusion

A

Coup = at site of impact

Contrecoup = secondary impact as brain sloshes to opposite of impact site. Usually larger than coup site

61
Q

Hemorrhagic infarct vs contusion?

A

Contusion affects surface, infarct does not

62
Q

Lacerations

A

tears to the skin from blunt force injury over a bony surface Skin bursts apart so it is not a clean cut like an incision Jagged edges and tissue bridging

63
Q

Diffuse blunt force trauma traumatic axonal injury

A

Force shears the axons Petechiae caused by capillaries also getting sheared

64
Q

Location of Traumatic axonal injuries (TAI)

A

Corpus callosum

Dorsolateral Brain Stem

Parasagittal cerebral white matter

65
Q
A

Traumatic Axonal Injury

66
Q
A

Multiple Sclerosis

67
Q

Arnold Chiari Type 2

A

Posterior Small Fossa

Lumbar meningomylocele

68
Q

What disease occurs because the two hemispheres of the cerebral cortex are not connected?

A

Dandy Walker

Pathology (12 decks)

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