Clinical Psych Glossary

Question 1

Acculturation (Berry)

Answer 1

1)integration 2)assimilation 3)separation 4)marginalization

Question 2

Acupuncture

Answer 2

Illness is do to blockage of qi (life energy). Efficacy may be related to release of chemicals near the needle site as body fights perceived pain.

Question 3

Adler’s Individual Therapy

Answer 3

Stresses unity of the individual; belief that behavior is purposeful and goal related. Inferiority feelings / strive to be superior. Maladaptive = mistaken style of life, poor social interest. Teleological approach motivated by future goals not past events.

Question 4

Alloplastic Vs Autoplastic Interventions

Answer 4

Refers to the focus of intervention with regards to environment. Alloplastic = change environment to change individual; Autoplastic = change environment to change individual.

Question 5

Black Racial ID Development Model

Cross (Nigrecence)

Answer 5

1)Pre-encounter: race and race ID have low salience. 2) Encounter: greater awareness; interested in developing a black ID 3)Immersion/emersion: race and ID have high salience and moves from intense black involvement to strong anti-White attitudes. 4) Internalization: race has high salience, person becomes Afrocentric / multiculturalist

Question 6

Communication/ Integration Family Therapy

Symmetrical vs Complementary Communication

Answer 6

focuses on impact of communication on family and individual function. Symmetrical communication: members are equals but may escalate into competitive game; Complementary: members are unequal but cover each other’s deficits.

Question 7

Cultural Competence

Sue & Sue 2003

Answer 7

3 Competencies: 1) awareness of own belief’s, assumptions, values. 2) Knowledge about the differences in worldviews, etc 3) Skills that enable Tx to provide appropriate treatment.

Question 8

Cultural Encapsulation

Wrenn

Answer 8

Culturally encapsulated counselors interpret everyone’s reality through their own cultural assumptions and stereotypes; disregard cultural differences

Question 9

Cultural vs Functional Paranoia

Ridley

Answer 9

describes non-disclosure by African Americans in therapy being due to 2 types of paranoia: 1) cultural (healthy) which is in response to racism in he community; 2) functional (pathology) if the reasons aren’t based in racism.

Question 10

Cybernetics

Answer 10

Positive Feedback Loop: Amplifies deviation or change resulting in challenge to system; Negative Feedback Loop: status quo.

Question 11

Diagnostic Overshadowing

Answer 11

Attribute all mental health Sxs to a more serious Dx that may be unconnected (originally prevalent with mental retardation).

Question 12

Double-Bind Communication

Answer 12

Though of as etiological factor for schizophrenia; involves conflicting negative injunctions > “do that and you’ll be in trouble” “Don’t do that and you’ll be in trouble” Not always the same medium of communication (i.e. verbal / nonverbal)

Question 13

Efficacy Vs Effectiveness Research

Answer 13

in other words: does the treatment have an effect on the subject? vs is the cost/time/etc worth it for the outcome?

Question 14

Emic vs Etic Orientation

Answer 14

Emic is inclusive of cultural awareness, Etic is cultural-general, not so good approach

Question 15

Extended Family Systems Therapy

Differentiation, Emotional Triangle, Genogram

Answer 15

Bowen’s approach; system includes larger picture than the nuclear family. Differentiation is separation of emotional feelings and intellect, which helps people avoid becoming fused in relationships. Triangulation; see grad school!

Question 16

Existential Therapy

Answer 16

Emphasis on personal choice and responsibility for developing a meaningful life. Maladaptive behavior results in inability to cope with the ultimate concerns of existence.

Question 17

Eyesneck

Answer 17

Douschcanoe Brit reviewed cases from early 1900’s and found that therapy is no better than spontaneous remission.
Findings indicate untreated patients are better off.

Question 18

Feminist Therapy

Answer 18

The personal is political. Focus on empowerment, social change and acknowledges and minimizes power differential of Tx vs Cx. Different than non-sexist therapy which focuses on personal causes of behavior and personal changes.

Question 19

Fruedian Psychoanalysis

Defense Mechanisms, Analysis

Answer 19

When the Ego is unable to ward of danger (anxiety) through rational, realistic means, it may resort to a defense mechanism: repression, reaction formation, etc.)They operate on an unconscious level and work to distort or deny reality. Use of analysis; free association, dreams, resistances, confrontation, clarification, …

Question 20

General Systems Theory

Answer 20

A system is maintained by the mutual interactions of its components and are best understood in context. Homeostsis: system will tend to do what it is doing to stay in balance. Systems are open to change.

Question 21

Gestalt Therapy

Answer 21

Awareness; full understanding of ones thoughts, feelings and actions in the here and now. abandonment of self-image due to a boundary disturbance(introjection). Transference is counter-productive.

Question 22

Group Therapy

Yalom

Answer 22

stages: 1) orientation; participation, search for meaning, and dependency. 2) Conflict, dominance & rebellion 3) development and cohesiveness.&raquo_space;> Cohesiveness is most important; Tx can pre-screen to lower attrition rates.

Question 23

Health Belief Model

Answer 23

behaviors are influenced by: 1) person’s readiness to take action (which is related to perceptions of possible illness and consequences). 2) Person’s evaluation of the benefits and costs of a particular response. 3) the internal and external cues that trigger the reponse

Question 24

High vs Low- Context Communication

Answer 24

culturally diverse groups tend to rely on various forms of communication whereas anglo therapists tend to stress verbal. Can lead to misunderstandings in cultural work.

Question 25

Homosexual (gay and lesbian) ID Development Model

Answer 25

Troiden’s 4 stages: 1) sensitization / feeling different; 2) self-recognition / identity confusion; 3) identity assumption; 4)commitment/identity commitment

Question 26

Dose Dependent Effect; Phase Model

Howard and Collegues

Answer 26

75% of patients show measurable improvements at 26 sessions; at 52 sessions the number only 85%; suggests that there are 3 phases in therapy: remoralization, remediation & rehabilitation.

Question 27

Hypnosis

Answer 27

experiencing ‘alteration of memory, perceptions and mood in response to suggestions. Does not seem to enhance the accuracy repressed memories, and may create psuedomemories

Question 28

Interpersonal Therapy

Primary Problems

Answer 28

IPT is brief ‘manual-based’ therapy orig designed for depression but since has been applied to a number of other conditions. interpersonal role disputes / role transitions and interpersonal deficits.

Question 29

Jung’s Analytical Psychotherapy

Answer 29

Behavior determined from both conscious and unconscious factors; collective unconscious > repository of latent memory traces from previous generations; Archetypes > primordial images that cause similar reactions in different people.

Question 30

Mental Health Consultation

Chaplan (interference type of transference)

Answer 30

1) client centered case consultation 2) Consultee centered 3) Program centered 4) consultee-centered administative

Question 31

Motivation Interviewing

OARS (Transtheory with client-centered)

Answer 31

Specifically designed for client’s ambivalent about changing their behaviors: (O)pen-ended questions (A)ffirmations (R)eflective listening (S)ummaries.

Question 32

Multi-Systems Model

Boyd-Franklin

Answer 32

ecostructural approach for African American families that address multiple systems; intervenes at multiple levels; and empowers the family by utilizing its strengths. Extended family, non-blood kin, workplace, community and other systems.

Question 33

Network Therapy

Answer 33

Effective intervention for American Indian clients; often used to Tx alcohol and drug abuse; multimodal involving family and community members; situates problems within context of his/her family, workplace, community, etc.

Question 34

Object Relations

Projective Identification, Multiple Transferences

Answer 34

Maladaptive behavior is from both intrapsychic and interpersonal factors; projective identification > project old introjects onto another family member and reacts as if projections are true;

Question 35

Parallel Process

Answer 35

occurs in clinical supervision when supervisee (therapist) behaves towards his supervisor in a way that mirrors how the client is behaving towards the therapist.

Question 36

Person-Centered Therapy

Carl Rogers

Answer 36

based on assumption people have inherent ability for growth and self-actualization; incongruence between self and experience; 1) unconditional positive regard 2) genuineness 3) empathy (most important)

Question 37

Personal Construct Therapy

George Kelly

Answer 37

how client experiences the world; perception based. bipolar dimensions of meaning (happy/sad, competent/incompetent) that develop from infancy and may be unconscious. Identify /replace maladaptive personal constructs to make better sense of experiences.

Question 38

Prevention

Answer 38

Primary > make interventions available to all members of target group or population to keep them from developing disorder. Secondary > prevents at-risk population/ early screened. Tertiary > designed to reduce duration of disorder that has already occurred.

Question 39

Psychiatric Inpatients

Demographics

Answer 39

1) for both males and females; lowest admission rates among widows; intermediate for married and or separated or divorced; highest for those never married especially men. 2) Although whites have largest number; proportionally speaking other races are overrepresented. 3) both men and women largest proportion are 25 to 44 age range.

Question 40

Racial / Cultural ID Model

Atkinson, Morten & Sue

Answer 40

1) conformity 2) dissonance (confusion) 3) resistance and immersion 4) Introspection (moving away from rigidity) 5) integrative awareness

Question 41

Reality Therapy

Glasser

Answer 41

People are responsible for their choices. 5 Basic needs: 1) survival 2) love and belonging 3) power 4) Freedom 5) fun. Adopts success (vs failure) identity when needs are fulfilled in responsible way.

Question 42

Separation-Individuation

Mahler

Answer 42

OR Theory - begins at 4-5 months of age; adult psychopathology can be traced to problems that occurred during this phase.

Question 43

Sexual Minorities

Internalized Homophobia - Coming Out

Answer 43

Internalized homophobia occurs when LGBT individuals accept negative stereotypes and incorporate them into self-concept; leads to low self-esteem, self-doubt and destructive behavior. Coming out is associated with rejection and other negative consequences. Coming out age is about the same for males and females.

Question 44

Sexual Stigma; Heterosexism & Prejudice

Herek

Answer 44

should replace homophobia with sexual stigma heterosexism and sexual prejudice. Higher levels of named found in males, older and uneducated, live in South or Midwest and have low contact with population being discriminated against. .

Question 45

Meta-Analysis / Effect Size

Smith, Glass & Miller

Answer 45

utilized meta-analysis to contradict Eyesneck’s findings. Found that average effect size of .85 which indicates typical therapy client is better off than 80% of untreated persons.

Question 46

Solution Focused Therapy

Questions

Answer 46

Client is viewed as the expert. Miracle question / exception questions / scaling questions.

Question 47

Strategic Family Therapy

Haley

Answer 47

Focus on transactional patterns and views Sxs as interpersonal events that serve to control the relationship. Focus on Sx relief. Uses paradoxical interventions; ordeals, prescribing the Sx, reframing. Helps family members view Px in different way recognize their own behavior.

Question 48

Therapist-Client Matching

Answer 48

Some research states that matching may reduce early dropout rates. Other research indicates people should be matched by worldview.

Question 49

Transtheoretical Model
Stages of Change
Prochaska & DiClemente

Answer 49

Change process involves 6 stages; 1) pre-contemplation 2) contemplation 3) preparation 4) action 5) maintenance 6) termination. Interventions are most useful when they match person’s stage in life.

Question 50

Structural Family Therapy

Minuchin

Answer 50

Alter family structure to to change maladaptive behaviors. Boundaries are rules that determine amount of contact allowed between family members. Rigid boundaries = disengaged. Diffuse /permeable = enmeshed. chronic boundary Pxs 1) detouring 2) stable coalition 3) triangulation

Question 51

Treatment Manuals

Answer 51

First developed to standardize treatments so effects could be analyzed empirically. May oversimplify the process.

Question 52

White Racial Identity Model

Helms

Answer 52

2 phases; abandoning racism (stages 1-3) and developing a non-racist white ID (4-6). 6 stages: 1) Contact 2) disintegration 3) reintegration 4) pseudo-independence 5) immersion-emersion 6) autonomy

Question 53

Worldview

Sue

Answer 53

is affected by cultural background / determined by 2 factors; locus of control and locus of responsibility.