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Week 2&3 FCP > Clinical Pharmacology > Flashcards

Clinical Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

Define pharmacodynamics

A

What the drug does to the body => the action
- What does it target
- What is the response

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2
Q

Define Pharmacokinetics

A

What the body does to the drug => movement of the drug in the body
- Where the drug goes
- Therapeutic plasma concentrations

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3
Q

What is clinical pharmacology and what are the 3 aims

A

The study of the clinical effect of drugs on patients
Aims:
1. Right drug
2. Right dose
3. Right onset and duration of action

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4
Q

What is the rationale behind therapeutics

A

Do no harm
Selection of appropriate drugs

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5
Q

Name the 6 interacting considerations of therapeutics

A
  1. Disease factors - specific diagnosis
  2. Drug - efficacy and safety
  3. Owner - financial and physical ability
  4. Patient - temperament, underlying factors
  5. Practice - drug buying power
  6. Compliance - training and education
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6
Q

Name the 6 drug targets

A
  1. receptors
  2. ion channels
  3. structural proteins
  4. enzymes
  5. carrier molecules
  6. DNA
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7
Q

What is the shape of the dose-response curve of an agonist

A

Sigmoidal shape

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8
Q

What is the difference between a partial and full agonist

A

Full = activation is 100%
Partial = activation is <100%
Partial agonists have lower efficacy than full agonists – even with maximal occupancy of receptors.

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9
Q

What is the potency of a drug

A

The maximum therapeutic response that a drug can produce

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10
Q

Define efficacy of a drug

A

Amount of drug required to produce 50% of its maximal effects

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11
Q

What is the difference between ED50 and EC50

A

ED50 = effective dose - the dose for 50% of the population to obtain the therapeutic effect
EC50 = Effective concentration - the dose required for an individual to experience 50% of the maximal effect

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12
Q

Define the specificity of a drug

A

Capacity of a drug to cause a particular action in a population

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13
Q

Define the selectivity of a drug

A

Relates to a drugs ability to target only a selective population

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14
Q

Define the therapeutic index of a drug

A

Therapeutic index = levels between drug becoming effective and becoming toxic
Want to make it as wide as possible

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15
Q

How to calculate the therapeutic index

A

TI = Toxic dose/therapeutic dose

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16
Q

How do non competitive antagonists work

A

Bind to a different receptor site OR
Block ‘post’ binding chain of events (act further downstream of the receptor

17
Q

How does a competitive antagonist affect the agonist dose response curve

A

Shifts the agonist dose-response curve to the right

18
Q

What is mean by “competitive antagonism is surmountable”

A

Additional agonist added can overcome the receptor blockade

19
Q

Name 3 actions a drug can have on an enzyme

A

Bind to the catalytic site
Inhibit normal reaction
Decreased production of the product

20
Q

Define tachyphylaxis

A

Loss of target sensitivity
The effect of a drug can decrease when given continuously or repeatedly

21
Q

Name some causes of tachyphylaxis (x4)

A

Change in receptors - become resistant to drug stimulation
Loss of receptor numbers
Exhaustion of mediators
Increased metabolic degradation of the dug

22
Q

Give the equation for calculating concentration

A

Conc = Mass/volume

23
Q

Define a percentage w/v solution

A

A 1% w/v solution is 1g (of powder) dissolved in 100 ml

24
Q

Give the equation for dilution factor

A

DF = Conc of stock/conc of final solution
OR
C1V1 (what we want) = C2V2 (what we have)

25
Q

Give the equation for drip rate

A

DR = Total volume/time x drop factor

26
Q

Name the 2 types of allometric scaling for drugs

A
  1. surface area
  2. metabolic rate
27
Q

Give the equation to work out metabolic rate

A

Minimum energy cost (kcal/day) = K x (weight in kg) x 0.75
Where K is an energy constant

28
Q

When is the drug cascade used

A

When no authorised vet medicines are available for that species and condition

29
Q

Describe the 6 steps of the prescribing cascade

A
  1. A suitable veterinary medicine authorised for the species AND indication in GB
  2. A suitable veterinary medicine authorised for the species AND indication in NI
  3. A suitable veterinary medicine authorised in GB/NI/UK (different species or conditions)
  4. EITHER: A Veterinary medicine authorised outside the UK OR A Human medicine authorised in UK/GB/NI
  5. Extemporaneous preparations (veterinary specials)
  6. In exceptional circumstances: Human medicines authorised outside the UK

Week 2&3 FCP (20 decks)

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