Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Week 2&3 FCP > Antivirals, Antifungals and NSAIDs > Flashcards

Antivirals, Antifungals and NSAIDs Flashcards

1
Q

What is an antiviral

A

Medications that help the body fight off certain viruses
Can be a preventative measure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Why are antiviral drugs not commonly used in veterinary

A

Limited safety and efficacy in animals
Drugs that negatively affect the virus often negatively affect the host
Antivirals that only inhibit one step are temporary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Name the 2 antiviral treatment approaches and give an example

A
  1. Viral enzyme inhibition
  2. Immune response enhancement
    example - interferon, inhibits viral synthesis In infected cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Name the antiviral which is used against herpesvirus in birds

A

Acyclovir

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Name the antiviral which is used against herpesvirus in cats

A

Famciclovir

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Name the antiviral used for ocular herpes

A

Trifluridine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Name the antiviral used for retroviruses (FeLV, FIV)

A

Zidovudine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Name a broad-spectrum antiviral and which families of viruses it is effective against

A

Ribavirin
Adenoviruses, herpesviruses, rotaviruses and retroviruses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is a viricide and give an example

A

Viricides - destroy virus external to host
Example - Virkon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Name the 5 main classes of antifungals

A
  1. Azoles
  2. Allylamines
  3. Polyenes
  4. Pyrimidine analogues
  5. `Cellular toxin’
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How do azoles work against fungi and give some examples

A

Inhibit cytochrome P450-dependant synthesis of ergosterol in the fungal cell membrane
Examples - itraconazole, ketoconazole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How do allylamines work against fungi and give an example

A

Inhibit the synthesis of ergosterol in fungal cells via inhibiting the enzyme squalene epoxidase
example - terbinafine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Why does the fungal cell wall becoming deficient in ergosterol cause fungal cell death

A

It causes toxic products to accumulate causing cell death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How do polyenes work against fungi and give some examples

A

Polyene binds to sterols (ergosterol) in the fungal cell membrane
Causes physical change, pores form and cell contents leak out => cell death
Examples - amphotericin B, nystatin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How to pyrimidine analogues work against fungi and give an example

A

Example - 5-fluorocytosine
5-fluorocytosine is converted to 5-fluorouracil by fungo cells
Results in inhibition of DNA and RNA synthesis
Mammalian cells are not affected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How do cellular toxins work against fungi and give examples

A

Are not specific to fungi
- Silver sulfadiazine => releases silver in conc. toxic to bacteria and fungi
- Chlorhexidine (Hibiscrub) => binds to skin and provides a protective layer
- Virkon - oxidises sulphur bond in proteins disrupting function of cell membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Name some antifungals used for otitis externa

A

Micoconazole
Nystatin

18
Q

Name some antifungals used for Malassezia skin infections

A

Miconazole shampoo
Intraconazole - off licence in dogs, oral
Chlorhexidine
Climbazole wipes
NB. do NOT use ketoconazole in cats

19
Q

Name some antifungals used for dermatophytosis in cats and dogs

A

Itraconazole - off licence in dogs, oral
Ketoconazole - DONT use in cats, oral
Enilconazole - off licence in cats, skin rinse
Miconazole - shampoo, adjunctive treatment
Chlorhexidine - ineffective on its own, synergistic with miconazole

20
Q

Name some antifungals used for dermatophytosis in rabbits and small mammals

A

All are off licence
Itraconazole - oral
Enilconazole - skin rinse
Miconazole - shampoo, adjunctive treatment
Chlorhexidine - used with miconazole

21
Q

Name some antifungals used for dermatophytosis in horses

A

Enilconazole - skin rinse
Miconazole - off licence shampoo

22
Q

Name an anti-fungal used for fungal keratitis in horses

A

Clotrimazole - off licence cream

23
Q

Name an anti-fungal used for dermatophytosis in cattle

A

Enilconazole - off licence skin rinse

24
Q

What antifungals are licensed in non food producing birds

A

Itraconazole
Voriconazole - expensive

25
Q

What anti fungal is used in reptiles for fungal dermatitis

A

Itraconazole - off licence

26
Q

Name some NSAIDs commonly used in small animal practice (x5)

A

Meloxicam
Carprofen
Robenacoxib
Firocoxib
Grapiprant (galliprant trade name)

27
Q

Name some NSAIDs commonly used in farm animal practice (x2)

A

Meloxican
Ketoprofen

28
Q

Name some NSAIDs commonly used in equine practice (x3)

A

Phenylbutazone (bute)
Flunixin meglumine
Meloxicam

29
Q

What type of drug are most NSAIDs

A

Cyclo-oxygenase (COX) inhibitors

30
Q

How do COX inhibitors work as NSAIDs

A

Inhibit the COX enzymes and therefore inhibit prostanoid synthesis in inflammatory cells
Inhibit COX2 isoform which is crucial for their anti-inflammatory, analgesia and antipyretic effects

31
Q

How do COX inhibitors have an anti-inflammatory action

A

The decrease in prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and prostacyclin (PGI) reduces vasodilation and indirectly reduces oedema

32
Q

How do COX inhibitors have an analgesic action

A

Decreased prostaglandin means reduced sensitisation of nociceptive nerve endings to inflammatory mediators (such as bradykinin)

33
Q

How do COX inhibitors have an anti-pyretic action

A

NSAIDs prevent interleukin 1 from releasing prostaglandin in the CNA.
This stops them from elevating the hypothalamic set point for temperature control, therefore stopping a fever

34
Q

Name the general pharmacokinetic properties of NSAIDS

A

Weak acids
Well absorbed after oral administration
Many NSAIDs have IV, IM and SC formulations too
Very high plasma protein binding - inflammation causes extravasation of proteins so NSAIDS concentrate in these areas

35
Q

Where are NSAIDs biotransformed and how are they excreted

A

Biotransformed in the liver to inactive metabolites
Limited direct excretion via the kidney

36
Q

Name the NSAID which is not metabolised but is excreted in bile

A

Mavacoxib

37
Q

When should you NOT use NSAIDs

A

Animals suffering from cardiac, renal or hepatic disease
Any case with a risk of GI bleeding or ulceration
Concurrent administration of potentially nephrotoxic drugs

38
Q

Name 4 common contraindications for NSAIDs

A
  1. GI disturbances
  2. Adverse cardiovascular effects
  3. Reversible renal insufficiency
  4. Bronchospasam
39
Q

Which receptor does grapiprant target and how

A

It is a selective antagonist for the EP4 receptor (receptor that mediated PGE2 induced noiciception)

40
Q

How is grapiprant primarily excreted

A

In the faeces mainly
Also directly renal excretion

Week 2&3 FCP (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions