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Week 2&3 FCP > Antivirals, Antifungals and NSAIDs > Flashcards

Antivirals, Antifungals and NSAIDs Flashcards

1
Q

What is an antiviral

A

Medications that help the body fight off certain viruses
Can be a preventative measure

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2
Q

Why are antiviral drugs not commonly used in veterinary

A

Limited safety and efficacy in animals
Drugs that negatively affect the virus often negatively affect the host
Antivirals that only inhibit one step are temporary

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3
Q

Name the 2 antiviral treatment approaches and give an example

A
  1. Viral enzyme inhibition
  2. Immune response enhancement
    example - interferon, inhibits viral synthesis In infected cells
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4
Q

Name the antiviral which is used against herpesvirus in birds

A

Acyclovir

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5
Q

Name the antiviral which is used against herpesvirus in cats

A

Famciclovir

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6
Q

Name the antiviral used for ocular herpes

A

Trifluridine

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7
Q

Name the antiviral used for retroviruses (FeLV, FIV)

A

Zidovudine

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8
Q

Name a broad-spectrum antiviral and which families of viruses it is effective against

A

Ribavirin
Adenoviruses, herpesviruses, rotaviruses and retroviruses

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9
Q

What is a viricide and give an example

A

Viricides - destroy virus external to host
Example - Virkon

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10
Q

Name the 5 main classes of antifungals

A
  1. Azoles
  2. Allylamines
  3. Polyenes
  4. Pyrimidine analogues
  5. `Cellular toxin’
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11
Q

How do azoles work against fungi and give some examples

A

Inhibit cytochrome P450-dependant synthesis of ergosterol in the fungal cell membrane
Examples - itraconazole, ketoconazole

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12
Q

How do allylamines work against fungi and give an example

A

Inhibit the synthesis of ergosterol in fungal cells via inhibiting the enzyme squalene epoxidase
example - terbinafine

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13
Q

Why does the fungal cell wall becoming deficient in ergosterol cause fungal cell death

A

It causes toxic products to accumulate causing cell death

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14
Q

How do polyenes work against fungi and give some examples

A

Polyene binds to sterols (ergosterol) in the fungal cell membrane
Causes physical change, pores form and cell contents leak out => cell death
Examples - amphotericin B, nystatin

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15
Q

How to pyrimidine analogues work against fungi and give an example

A

Example - 5-fluorocytosine
5-fluorocytosine is converted to 5-fluorouracil by fungo cells
Results in inhibition of DNA and RNA synthesis
Mammalian cells are not affected

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16
Q

How do cellular toxins work against fungi and give examples

A

Are not specific to fungi
- Silver sulfadiazine => releases silver in conc. toxic to bacteria and fungi
- Chlorhexidine (Hibiscrub) => binds to skin and provides a protective layer
- Virkon - oxidises sulphur bond in proteins disrupting function of cell membranes

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17
Q

Name some antifungals used for otitis externa

A

Micoconazole
Nystatin

18
Q

Name some antifungals used for Malassezia skin infections

A

Miconazole shampoo
Intraconazole - off licence in dogs, oral
Chlorhexidine
Climbazole wipes
NB. do NOT use ketoconazole in cats

19
Q

Name some antifungals used for dermatophytosis in cats and dogs

A

Itraconazole - off licence in dogs, oral
Ketoconazole - DONT use in cats, oral
Enilconazole - off licence in cats, skin rinse
Miconazole - shampoo, adjunctive treatment
Chlorhexidine - ineffective on its own, synergistic with miconazole

20
Q

Name some antifungals used for dermatophytosis in rabbits and small mammals

A

All are off licence
Itraconazole - oral
Enilconazole - skin rinse
Miconazole - shampoo, adjunctive treatment
Chlorhexidine - used with miconazole

21
Q

Name some antifungals used for dermatophytosis in horses

A

Enilconazole - skin rinse
Miconazole - off licence shampoo

22
Q

Name an anti-fungal used for fungal keratitis in horses

A

Clotrimazole - off licence cream

23
Q

Name an anti-fungal used for dermatophytosis in cattle

A

Enilconazole - off licence skin rinse

24
Q

What antifungals are licensed in non food producing birds

A

Itraconazole
Voriconazole - expensive

25
What anti fungal is used in reptiles for fungal dermatitis
Itraconazole - off licence
26
Name some NSAIDs commonly used in small animal practice (x5)
Meloxicam Carprofen Robenacoxib Firocoxib Grapiprant (galliprant trade name)
27
Name some NSAIDs commonly used in farm animal practice (x2)
Meloxican Ketoprofen
28
Name some NSAIDs commonly used in equine practice (x3)
Phenylbutazone (bute) Flunixin meglumine Meloxicam
29
What type of drug are most NSAIDs
Cyclo-oxygenase (COX) inhibitors
30
How do COX inhibitors work as NSAIDs
Inhibit the COX enzymes and therefore inhibit prostanoid synthesis in inflammatory cells Inhibit COX2 isoform which is crucial for their anti-inflammatory, analgesia and antipyretic effects
31
How do COX inhibitors have an anti-inflammatory action
The decrease in prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and prostacyclin (PGI) reduces vasodilation and indirectly reduces oedema
32
How do COX inhibitors have an analgesic action
Decreased prostaglandin means reduced sensitisation of nociceptive nerve endings to inflammatory mediators (such as bradykinin)
33
How do COX inhibitors have an anti-pyretic action
NSAIDs prevent interleukin 1 from releasing prostaglandin in the CNA. This stops them from elevating the hypothalamic set point for temperature control, therefore stopping a fever
34
Name the general pharmacokinetic properties of NSAIDS
Weak acids Well absorbed after oral administration Many NSAIDs have IV, IM and SC formulations too Very high plasma protein binding - inflammation causes extravasation of proteins so NSAIDS concentrate in these areas
35
Where are NSAIDs biotransformed and how are they excreted
Biotransformed in the liver to inactive metabolites Limited direct excretion via the kidney
36
Name the NSAID which is not metabolised but is excreted in bile
Mavacoxib
37
When should you NOT use NSAIDs
Animals suffering from cardiac, renal or hepatic disease Any case with a risk of GI bleeding or ulceration Concurrent administration of potentially nephrotoxic drugs
38
Name 4 common contraindications for NSAIDs
1. GI disturbances 2. Adverse cardiovascular effects 3. Reversible renal insufficiency 4. Bronchospasam
39
Which receptor does grapiprant target and how
It is a selective antagonist for the EP4 receptor (receptor that mediated PGE2 induced noiciception)
40
How is grapiprant primarily excreted
In the faeces mainly Also directly renal excretion

Week 2&3 FCP (20 decks)

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