Clinical ID Flashcards
Poliovirus
Poliomyelitis
virus
Chlamydia trachomatis
Trachoma
chlamydiae
Rickettsia prowazekii
Typhus fever
Rickettsiae
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Wound Infection
bacteria
Vibrio cholerae
Cholera
bacterai
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Pneumonia
bacteria
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Tuberculosis
bacteria
trichophyton sp.
Tinea pedis
fungi imperfecti
candida albicans
Thrush
fungi imperfecti
sporothrix schenckii
Sporotrichosis
fungi imperfecti
Histoplasma capsulatum
Histoplasmosis
fungi imperfecti
Giardia lamblia
Giardiasis
Protozoa
trypanosoma gambiense
sleeping sickness
Protozoa
trypanosoma cruzi
Chagas disease
Protozoa
Leishmania donovani
Kala-azar
Protozoa
enterobius vermicularis
Oxyuriasis
Helminths
Wuchereria bancrofti
Filariasis
Helminths
Trichinella Spiralis
Trichinosis
Helminths
What are the human host barriers to infection?
- intact host skin and mucosal surfaces
- secretory-excretory products
ex. lysozyme in tears and stomach acids
What are the mechanisms of bacteria induced injury
- bacterial virulence
- depends on ability of bacteria to adhere, invade, and deliver toxic moieties - bacterial adherence
a. adhesins are bacterial surface molecules that bind to host cells
b. entry into macrophages
c. entry into epithelial cells - bacterial endotoxin
- LPS -induce host cytokines release to cause fever, activate macrophages and b-cells - bacterial exotoxins
- toxins released by bacteria that interfere with metabolism and allow bacteria to outgrow competing bacteria
What are the microbial pathogens that exhibit significant antigenic variation?
- rhinoviruses
- influenza virus
- neisseria gonorrhoeae
- borrelia hermsii-relapsing fever
- borrelia burgdorferi-lyme disease
- trypanosoma brucei-African sleeping sickness
- giardia lamblia
- plasmodium falciparum-severe malaria
What are the 5 types of inflammatory response? give an example of a microorganism that would cause this type of inflammation
- suppurative (polymorphonuclear) inflammation
- bacteria recruit neutrophils, increased vascular permeability directly by chemoattractive peptides and indirectly by release of endotoxin which stimulates macrophages to release cytokines and chemoattractant
- caused by pyogenic bacteria - mononuclear and granulomatous inflammation
- diffuse, predominantly mononuclear interstitial infiltrates form in response to pathogens
- syphilis chancres-lymphocytes
- mycobacterial granulomas-macrophages
- tb and syphilis - cytopathic-cytoproliferative inflammation
- reactions characteristic of virus-mediated damage to indicudual host cells in the absence of host inflammatory response
- results in: inclusion bodies (CMV), polykaryons following cell fusion (measles), blisters due to cell damage (herpes virus), morphologic lesions (venereal warts/HPV), dysplastic changes and cancer - necrotizing inflammation
- rapid and severe tissue damage with predominant cell death in the absence of inflammatory infiltrates
- caused by uncontrolled viral infections, secreted bacterial toxins or cytolysis of host cells in protozoa infections (eg. necrotizing fasciitis caused by group A streptococcus) - chronic inflammation and scarring
- chronic inflammation can lead to either complete healing or to extensive scarring
- several inert organism cause damage by the scarring response (ex. schistosome eggs-parasite)
What are the three classes of Helminthes? Give an example of each
- roundworms
- hookworms and trichinella - flatworms
- tapeworms - flukes
- schistosomes
