clinical features Flashcards
what is rhinorrhea
runny nose
what can be caused by allergic rhinitis
allergic rhinitis
what are characteristics of nasal secretions in allergic rhinitis
thin and runny
what are nasal secretion in viral infections
thicker and discoloured
what are characteristics of nasal tumour
blood-stained nasal discharge associated with nasal obstruction
what is the commonest symptoms of lower respiratory tract disease
cough
how is coughing caused
by mechanical or chemical stimulation of cough receptors in epithelium of pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and diaphragm
where is the cough receptor
medulla
what do smokers often have in the morning
cough with some sputum
what kind of cough in asthma
dry cough at night
what kind of cough in chronic bronchitis
productive cough
what kind of cough is seen in lung cancer
worsening cough
what can accompany cough
stridor - whooping cough
or
laryngeal or tracheal obstruction
how is excess sputum gone
as sputum
what is the most common cause of excess mucus production
smoking
what is mucoid sputum
clear and white can contain black specks
what is yellow or green sputum due to
presence of cellular material e.g. bronchial epithelial cells/neutrophils/eosinophils
what is large quantities of yellow or green sputum a characteristic of
bronchiectasis
what is haemoptysis
blood-stained sputum
what is most common cause of mild haemoptysis
acute infection e.g. COPD exac
is there haemoptysis in tuberculosis
yes
what is sputum like in lobar pneumonia
rusty appearance
what is sputum like in pulmonary oedema
pink, frothy sputum
what is sputum like in bronchiectasis
blood mixed with purulent sputum
what is massive haemoptysis usually due to
bronchiectasis
or
tuberculosis
what investigation should be done for haemoptysis
CXR
what is orthopnoea
breathlessness on lying down
what is orthopnoea associated with
heart failure
what is hyperventilation
inappropriate overbreathing
what can cause wheeze
- asthma
- vocal chord dysfunction
- bronchiolitis
- COPD
when is pleuritic pain worsened
deep berating or coughing
is pleuritic pain localised
yes
what does shoulder tip pain suggest
irritation of diaphragmatic pleat
what is chest pain radiating to neck and arms
cardiac pain
what is cyanosis due to
destaturated haemoglobin
does clubbing occur in COPD
NO
what are causes of clubbing
- carcinoma
- empyema
- abscess
- IPF
- endocarditis
- cirrhosis
what is a cause of consolidation
pneumonia
what is sot common cause of large round shadows on CXR
lung cancer
what are causes of miliary on CXR
- tuberculosis
- IPF
- sarcoidosis
- pneumoconiosis
Kerley B lines on CXR
heart failure
pulmonary oedema
tram line shadowing on CXR
bronchiectasis
miliary shadowing on CXR
miliary TB
wedge shape infarct on CXR
PE
ground glass appearance on CXR
early fibrosis
honeycomb appearance on CXR
late fibrosis
pleural mass with lobulated margin on CXR
mesothelioma
bilateral pleural thickening is
asbestosis
what causes haemoptysis
- lung cancer
- respiratory tract infection
- PE
- bronchiectasis
- tuberculosis
causes of cough
- respiratory tract infection
- chronic bronchitis
- lung cancer
- bronchiectasis
- tuberculosis
causes of finger clubbing
- lung cancer
- bronchiectasis
- pulmonary fibrosis
causes of chest pain
- pneumonia
- PE
causes of breathlessness
- asthma
- chronic bronchitis
- emphysema
- pneumonia
- pneumothorax
- PE
- pleural effusion
