Clinical Correlates (Akers)

Question 1

Which type of diabetes doesn’t produce insulin?

Answer 1

Type 1 diabetes

Question 2

This type of diabetes is diagnosed in children and young adults?

Answer 2

Type 1

Question 3

This type of diabetes, your body does not use insulin properly.

Answer 3

Type 2 diabetes

Question 4

Diabetes can be considered a disease of small blood vessels or ___________ disease.

Answer 4

microvascular

Question 5

Diabetes leads to ____________(hardening of the arteries) which leads to heart attack and stroke.

Answer 5

Atherosclerosis

Question 6

3 main microvascular complications of diabetes:

Answer 6

retinopathy
nephropathy
neuropathy

Question 7

What complication will we see a lot of in our rural clinic ?

Answer 7

retinopathy

Question 8

What are the two types of retinopathy?

Answer 8

non-proliferative

proliferative

Question 9

Hypoxia of retina triggering, Body to produce new blood vessels (but, they are terrible blood vessels) with or without vitreous hemorrhage.

Answer 9

Proliferative retinopathy

Question 10

Presence of leaky fluid, protein, and blood in eye, microaneurysms, venous loops, retinal hemorrhages, etc…leads to damage to retina.

Answer 10

Nonproliferative retinopathy

Question 11

True/False: If someone has retinopathy it can preclude other diabetic complications.

Answer 11

True

Question 12

Conditions characterized by nerve dyfunction.

Answer 12

Neuropathy

Question 13

Presence of persistent proteinuria greater than 0.5 g/day.

Answer 13

Diabetic nephropathy

Question 14

High blood glucose and high blood pressure can damage the __________. So protein leaks out of the kidneys to the urine.

Answer 14

Glomerulus

Question 15

Is an amino acid considered a leak?

Answer 15

no. it was supposed to get out

Question 16

Is a LARGE protein considered a leak?

Answer 16

yes. It was supposed to be taken up by brush border.

Question 17

_________ failure from diabetes happens so slowly that you my not feel sick for years.

Answer 17

kidney

Question 18

Earliest clinical sign of kidney disease is when the kidneys leak small amounts of a protein called ________ into the urine.

Answer 18

albumin

Question 19

What is protein leaked into the urine called?

Answer 19

proteinuria

Question 20

3 main changes of glomerulus of diabetic nephropathy:

Answer 20

1. Exracellular EXPANSION induced by hyperglycemia, increased matrix production of matrix proteins.
2. Basement membrane is THICKENING. Fenistrations being altered.
3. Glomerular sclerosis is caused by intraglomerular hypertension.
   Induced dilation of afferent renal artery.

Question 21

Reduced filtration rate and damage to filtration barrier causes 2 major issues:

Answer 21

accumulation of waste products in blood

leakage of large essential proteins into the urine

Question 22

With nephropathy what happens to the fenestrations?

Answer 22

endothelium is thickened becomes less fenestrated, and what holes are there are damaged letting good stuff out…

Question 23

Compare nephropathy to retinopathy…

Answer 23

Leakage of proteins in eyes… fenestrations were damaged by hypertension… proteins build up in eye and also blood.