Clinical Correlates (Akers) Flashcards
Which type of diabetes doesn’t produce insulin?
Type 1 diabetes
This type of diabetes is diagnosed in children and young adults?
Type 1
This type of diabetes, your body does not use insulin properly.
Type 2 diabetes
Diabetes can be considered a disease of small blood vessels or ___________ disease.
microvascular
Diabetes leads to ____________(hardening of the arteries) which leads to heart attack and stroke.
Atherosclerosis
3 main microvascular complications of diabetes:
retinopathy
nephropathy
neuropathy
What complication will we see a lot of in our rural clinic ?
retinopathy
What are the two types of retinopathy?
non-proliferative
proliferative
Hypoxia of retina triggering, Body to produce new blood vessels (but, they are terrible blood vessels) with or without vitreous hemorrhage.
Proliferative retinopathy
Presence of leaky fluid, protein, and blood in eye, microaneurysms, venous loops, retinal hemorrhages, etc…leads to damage to retina.
Nonproliferative retinopathy
True/False: If someone has retinopathy it can preclude other diabetic complications.
True
Conditions characterized by nerve dyfunction.
Neuropathy
Presence of persistent proteinuria greater than 0.5 g/day.
Diabetic nephropathy
High blood glucose and high blood pressure can damage the __________. So protein leaks out of the kidneys to the urine.
Glomerulus
Is an amino acid considered a leak?
no. it was supposed to get out
Is a LARGE protein considered a leak?
yes. It was supposed to be taken up by brush border.
_________ failure from diabetes happens so slowly that you my not feel sick for years.
kidney
Earliest clinical sign of kidney disease is when the kidneys leak small amounts of a protein called ________ into the urine.
albumin
What is protein leaked into the urine called?
proteinuria
3 main changes of glomerulus of diabetic nephropathy:
- Exracellular EXPANSION induced by hyperglycemia, increased matrix production of matrix proteins.
- Basement membrane is THICKENING. Fenistrations being altered.
- Glomerular sclerosis is caused by intraglomerular hypertension.
Induced dilation of afferent renal artery.
Reduced filtration rate and damage to filtration barrier causes 2 major issues:
accumulation of waste products in blood
leakage of large essential proteins into the urine
With nephropathy what happens to the fenestrations?
endothelium is thickened becomes less fenestrated, and what holes are there are damaged letting good stuff out…
Compare nephropathy to retinopathy…
Leakage of proteins in eyes… fenestrations were damaged by hypertension… proteins build up in eye and also blood.
