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Clinical Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

clinical chemistry is also known

A

clinical biochemistry, chemical pathology, medical biochemistry, or pure blood chemistry

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2
Q

are of pathology that is concerned with the quantitative analysis of substances found in the blood or serum

A

clinical chemistry

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3
Q

which other fluids are also analyzed in clinical chemistry

A

urine, spinal fluid, and pleural fluid

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4
Q

substance for which analyses are performed

A

analyte

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5
Q

groups of individual tests are called

A

panels

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6
Q

provides a broad database, demonstrating multisystemic involvements

A

panels

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7
Q

most tested body fluid

A

serum or plasma

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8
Q

how many kinds of test does large laboratories accept

A

up to 700

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9
Q

study of hormones

A

endocrinology

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10
Q

study of immune system and antibodies

A

immunology

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11
Q

study of drugs

A

pharmacology or toxicology

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12
Q

what solutes are found in the liquid portion of the blood that is responsible for 5% of its composition

A

proteins, carbohydrates, hormones, vitamins, enzymes, electrolytes

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13
Q

state of the art fully automated facility and also busiest

A

clinical chemistry

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14
Q

duties or tests performed in clinical laboratory

A

Fasting Blood Sugar
HBA1c
Lipid Profile
TAG
BUA
Creatinine
Total Protein
Albumin: Globulin ratio
Electrolytes
Clinical Enzymology
TSH, T3 and T4
Estrogen, Prolactin, Testerone

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15
Q

used to detect diabetes, measures glucose and the patient must have undergone fasting

A

Fasting Blood Sugar

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16
Q

HBA1c is also known as

A

glycosylated hemoglobin

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17
Q

measure glucose levels for the past 3 months

A

HBA1c

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18
Q

what do we measure in Lipid Profile

A

Total Cholesterol, Low Density Lipoprotein, Very Low Density Lipoprotein, High Density Lipoprotein

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19
Q

TAG stands for

A

triglycerides

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20
Q

BUA stands for

A

Blood Uric Acid

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21
Q

BUN stands for

A

Blood Urea Nitrogen

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22
Q

Creatinine tests

A

creatine

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23
Q

Electrolytes

A

Na, K+, Cl-

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24
Q

clinical enzymology tests

A

enzymes

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25
Q

hormones tested in clinical chem

A

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Triodo Thyronine (T3)
Thyroxine (T4)
Estrogen, Prolactin, Testosterone

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26
Q

3 principles in automation

A

Continous Flow Analyzer
Discrete Analysis
Centrifugal Analysis

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27
Q

in continous flow analyzers, samples flow through what?

A

a common vessel/pathway

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28
Q

in continous flow analyzers, liquids are pumped through a system of

A

continous tubing

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29
Q

in continous flow analyzers, this serves as seperating and cleansing media

A

air bubbles

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30
Q

in discrete analysis, each sample reagent mixture is handled seperately in its?

A

own vessel

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31
Q

in discrete analysis, it uses a variety of what to aspirate and dispense 2-6 microliters of samples and reagents

A

syringe pipettes

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32
Q

discrete analysis is capable of running

A

multiple tests one sample at a time

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33
Q

in centrifugal analysis, which force is used

A

centrifugation

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34
Q

centrifugal analysis is used to?

A

transfer specimen and reagents

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35
Q

major advantage of centrifuge

A

batch analysis

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36
Q

kinds of centrifuges

A

horizontal, angle head, cytocentrifuge, ultracentrifuge

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37
Q

most commonly used centrifuge used in clinical chemistry

A

horizontal and angle head

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38
Q

swinging bucket centrifuge

A

horizontal

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39
Q

fixed angle centrifuge

A

angle head

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40
Q

concentrates cells in body fluids

A

cytocentrifuge

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41
Q

seperate liproteins

A

ultracentrifuge

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42
Q

Water Reagents

A

Type I,II,III

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43
Q

Type I water reagents is also known as

A

highest purity or ultrapure water

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44
Q

Type II water reagents is used in?

A

Clinical Chem, Microbio, Blood bank, serology

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45
Q

Type 3 is used in?

A

urinalysis and fecalysis, parasit and histopath

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46
Q

Carbohydrates empiric formula

A

CH2O

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47
Q

Major source of energy and storage of energy

A

glucose or glycogen

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48
Q

carbs that are the components of cell membranes

A

glycoproteins

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49
Q

examples of carbs that are structural components of plants, bacteria and insects

A

chitin, cellulose

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50
Q

Classifications of carbs

A

Mono, Disa, Oligo, Polysaccharides

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51
Q

Simplest form of carbs

A

Monosaccharides

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52
Q

examples of monosaccharides

A

glucose, fructose, galactose

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53
Q

2 sugar units bonded by? and what do you call them

A

glycoside bond, disaccharides

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54
Q

examples of disaccharides

A

sucrose lactose maltose

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55
Q

how many sugar units are in oligosaccharides

A

3-10 sugar units

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56
Q

more than 10 sugar units

A

polysaccharides

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57
Q

examples of polysaccharides

A

starch glycogen and cellulose

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58
Q

pathways of glucose metabolism

A

glycolysis
glucogenesis
glycogenolysis
glycogenesis
lipogenesis
lipilysis

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59
Q

2-3 carbon compund that generates energy, a cytoplasmic pathway which breaks down glucose into two three-carbon compounds and generates energy (atp)

A

glycolysis

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60
Q

which enzyme helps in glycolysis

A

hexokinase

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61
Q

formation of glucose from non carbs sources

A

gluconeogenesis

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62
Q

glycogen to glucose

A

glycogenolysis

63
Q

glucose to glycogen

A

glycogenesis

64
Q

carb to fats

A

lipogenesis

65
Q

decomposition of fats

66
Q

hormones that regulates CHO metabolism

A

insulin and glucagon

67
Q

decreases blood sugar level

68
Q

increases blood sugar level

69
Q

insulin is produced in

A

beta cells of islets of langerhans in pancreas

70
Q

glucagon is produced in

A

alpha cells of islets of langerhans in pancreas

71
Q

types of diabetes

A

type 1, type 2, gestational diabetes

72
Q

type of diabetes that is hereditary

73
Q

type of diabetes that is caused by overproduction of insulin

74
Q

other name of type 1 diabetes

A

juvenile onset diabetes/ insulin dependent diabetes

75
Q

found in children diabetes

A

juvenile diabetes

76
Q

what destroys the antibodies found in the pancreas in type 1 diabetes?

A

insulin auto antibodies

77
Q

other name for type 2 diabetes

A

adult onset diabetes, non-insulin dependent diabetes

78
Q

progressive insulin deficiency and insulin resistance

A

type 2 diabetes

79
Q

glucose intolerance during pregnancy

A

gestational diabetes

80
Q

used to monitor or screen your risk of cardiovascular disease, measures your cholesterol level and triglycerides

A

lipid profile/ panel

81
Q

five different types of lipid tested in lipid profile

A

total cholesterol, LDL, VLDL, HDL, triglycerides

82
Q

overall cholesterol level

A

total cholesterol

83
Q

LDL type of cholesterol also known as

A

bad cholesterol

84
Q

lipid found in foods that is recently eaten

85
Q

HDL is known as

A

good cholesterol

86
Q

type of fat from the food we ear

A

triglycerides

87
Q

adult treatment panel for HDL

A

<40 mg/dl high risk of cvi
>= mg/dl low risk of cvi

88
Q

Adult treatment panel for ldl

A

<100 optimal
100-129 near optimal
130-159 borderline high
160-189 high
>= 190 very high

89
Q

Proteins empiric formula

90
Q

linear polymer of amino acids

91
Q

functions of proteins

A

regulate metabolism
facilitate contraction of muscle
provide structural framework
shuttle molecules in the blood stream
components of the immune system

92
Q

proteins that facilitate contraction of muscle

A

actin and myosin

93
Q

proteins that provide structural framework

94
Q

example of molecules that proteins transport

95
Q

proteins found in the immune system

A

antibodies, immunoglobin, complement proteins

96
Q

proteins are synthesized in?

97
Q

proteins not produced in liver

A

gammaglobines, immunoglobines produced in plasma cells from b cell lymphocytes

98
Q

precursor of fibrin, factor I

A

fibrinogen

99
Q

prealbumin is also known as

A

transthyretin

100
Q

protein that indicates malnutrition

A

prealbumin

101
Q

protein in the muscles of the heart

102
Q

proteins in the muscle and skeletal

103
Q

transport protein for hemoglobin

A

haptoglobin

104
Q

transport protein for copper

A

ceruloplasmin

105
Q

transport protein for heme

106
Q

end products of protein metabolism, must be removed from the body

A

non protein nitrogen

107
Q

4 non protein nitrogen

A

urea, uric acid, creatinine/creatine, ammonia

108
Q

npn highest concentration in the body

A

urea (blood urea nitrogen)

109
Q

measuring of BUN helps us evaluate

A

renal function and renal diseases

110
Q

renal means

111
Q

urea is filtered in the?

112
Q

increased amount of urea in blood

113
Q

increased urea in blood plus renal failure

A

uremia/ uremic syndrome

114
Q

uric acid is also known as

A

blood uric acid

115
Q

product of catabolism of urine nucleic acid

116
Q

measurement of uric acid helps us determine?

A

gout/ gouty arthritis and lesh nyhan syndrome

117
Q

increased of uric acid in blood results in?

A

crystalization

118
Q

crystalization of uric acid in blood causes?

A

gouty arthritis and lesh nyhan syndrome

119
Q

creatinine is a waste product of what?

120
Q

best marker for kidnet function

A

creatinine

121
Q

increased creatinine in blood

A

abnormal renal function, muscular dystrophy

122
Q

formed the deamination of amino acids protein metabolism

123
Q

measurement of ammonia evaluates

A

hepatic system (liver)

124
Q

increased ammonia in blood is

A

reye’s syndrome

125
Q

proteins that help speed up chemical reactions (catalase)

126
Q

a broad group of enzymes that catalyze electron transfer from one molecule to another

A

oxidoreductases

127
Q

oxidoreductase examples

A

lactate dehydrogenase
glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase
glutamate dehydrogenase

128
Q

enzymes that catalyze the transfer of a group of atoms

A

transferases

129
Q

examples of transferases

A

alanine aminotransferase (liver)
aspartate aminotransferase (heart)
creatine kinase (muscles)
gamma glutamyl transferase
glutathione transferase
glycogen phosphorase
pyruvate kinase

130
Q

a class of enzyme that commonly perform as biochemical catalysts that use water to break a chemical bond,

131
Q

hydrolase example

A

alkaline phosphatase
acid phophatase
amylase (saliva)
cholinesterase
chymotrypsin
elastase 1
5-nucleotidase
triacyl glycerol lipase
trypsin

132
Q

an enzyme that catalyzes the joining of specified molecules or groups by a double bond.

133
Q

lyases example

134
Q

catalyze changes within one molecule

A

triosephosphate isomerase

135
Q

enzymes that catalyze the formation of chemical bonds

136
Q

ligases example

A

glutathione synthetase

137
Q

made during the normal process of breakind down rbc, yellowish substance found in bile, fluid in your liver

138
Q

life span of rbc

139
Q

it is where rbc is destroyed

A

reticulo endothelial system

140
Q

destroys or eats dead cells and debris (phagocytize)

A

macrophage

141
Q

liver macrophage

A

kupffer cells

142
Q

spleen macrophage

A

microglial cells

143
Q

hemoglobin when destroyed transforms to

144
Q

yellow discoloration in the skin is caused by

A

increased bilirubin

145
Q

jaundice indicates

A

liver failure and hepatitis

146
Q

minerals in the blood

A

electrolytes

147
Q

postively charged and negatively charged electrolyte

A

cation and anion

148
Q

most abundant cation in the plasma

149
Q

excess and less sodium in the blood

A

hyper and hyponatremia

150
Q

major intracellular cation inside the cell

151
Q

increased and less potassium

A

hyper and hypokalemia

152
Q

major extracellular anion

153
Q

excess and less chloride

A

hyper and hypochloremia

154
Q

other electrolytes

A

magnesium, bicarbonate, phosphate

PMLS (11 decks)

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