Clin Chem

Question 1

2 non-nitrogenous waste products

Answer 1

BUN Creatinine

Question 2

Fixed USG range

Answer 2

Dog: 1.008-1.012 Cat: 1.008-1.015

Question 3

Normal USG range

Answer 3

1.018-1.045 (dog)

Question 4

Normal Creatinine range

Answer 4

Dog: 0.15-1.8mg/dl Cat: 0.8-2.4mg/dl

Question 5

Normal PCV ranges

Answer 5

Dog: 37-55% Cat: 30-45%

Question 6

Normal TP ranges

Answer 6

Dog: 5-7g/dl Cat: 5-8g/dl

Question 7

Azotemia

Answer 7

increases in non-protein nitrogenous wastes

Question 8

What does a urinalysis determine?

Answer 8

the function of the kidney & other organs

Question 9

ALT’s old name

Answer 9

SGPT

Question 10

AST’s old name

Answer 10

SGOT

Question 11

Liver specific enzymes

Answer 11

Small animal= ALT Large animal= GGT

Question 12

What position should the patient be in for a cystocentesis? Needle size?

Answer 12

Dorsal 22ga 1-1.5”

Question 13

When is it okay to redirect during a cysto?

Answer 13

NEVER!

Question 14

Free catch

Answer 14

easiest on animal not ideal for cultures

Question 15

Manual expression

Answer 15

great for getting out of the way for abdominal sx. increase in RBCs- trauma

Question 16

When should you NEVER manually express

Answer 16

if the patient has a suspected obstruction

Question 17

Catheterization

Answer 17

can relieve urinary obstruction requires anesthesia for cats and female dogs

Question 18

Early morning sample

Answer 18

increased chance of seeing abnormalities like crystals

Question 19

Recently formed sample

Answer 19

better for cytology fresh urine = fresh cells

Question 20

Squamous epithelial cells are found where?

Answer 20

distal 1/3 of urethra, vagina, vulva, or prepuce Not normal on Cysto!!

Question 21

Transitional epithelial cells

Answer 21

Line bladder, ureters, renal pelvis and proximal part of urethra more in cysto than free catch

Question 22

Hypertonic urine causes ____ of RBCs

Answer 22

crenation

Question 23

___ RBCs/hpf is normal

Answer 23

less than 5

Question 24

Causes of fat droplets

Answer 24

fatty diet or DM

Question 25

Calcium Oxalate Dihydrate

Answer 25

Occur more in acidic urine more common than COM

Question 26

Calcium Oxalate Monohydrate- Hippuric shaped

Answer 26

May indicate ethylene glycol toxicity NEVER normal

Question 27

Ammonium Magnesium Phosphate Crystals

Answer 27

More common in alkaline urine Can be normal in small amounts

Question 28

Ammonium Biurate Crystals

Answer 28

Normal in dalmations May indicate portosystemic shunt and liver dz. in other animals

Question 29

Cholesterol Crystals

Answer 29

Never normal may indicate severe kidney dz.

Question 30

Cystine Crystals

Answer 30

Never normal genetic disorder of certain amino acid metabolism

Question 31

Bilirubin Crystals

Answer 31

Can be normal in small amounts Increased amounts indicates liver dz.

Question 32

Tyrosine & Leucine

Answer 32

Typically seen together Never normal Indicated liver dz.

Question 33

Equine urine contains increased

Answer 33

Mucus threads Calcium Carbonate Crystals

Question 34

Most common cast

Answer 34

Granular

Question 35

What casts are never normal?

Answer 35

Cellular

Question 36

Liver specific enzymes

Answer 36

ALT AST Alk Phos GGT T-bili Cholesterol

Question 37

3 tests used to classify azotemia

Answer 37

BUN Creatinine USG

Question 38

How long is a urine sample good for at room temp?

Answer 38

30 min.

Question 39

Four parts to U/A

Answer 39

Macroscopic Microscopic USG Chemistry

Question 40

What do stones need to form?

Answer 40

Increased concentration Adequate pH Adequate time +/-Nidus

Question 41

What are the steps for making a urinary sediment slide?

Answer 41

1. fill conical tube with urine sample 2. Centrifuge sample at 1,500 rpm for 3-5 minutes 3. Pour off super natent 4. Re-suspend sediment 5. tap onto slide 6. Scan on 10x, examine w/40x and low light

Question 42

What objective is used for Urinary sediment final analysis?

Answer 42

40X