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Embryology > Cleavage > Flashcards

Cleavage Flashcards

1
Q

A 4-Cell stage has ____ cells while a Morula Stage has ______ cells.

A
  1. Totipotent

2. Pluripotent

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2
Q

Dev Embryo Regulation

A

Ability of Embryo to Compensate for Removal of structures for Addition of Structures

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3
Q

Features of a Blastocyst

A
  • Surrounded by ZP
  • Large Blastocoel
  • Trophoblast w/ Inner cell mass
  • Polarized
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4
Q

Without Oct-4, ICM would differentiate to what?

A

TROPHOBLAST

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5
Q

For an embryo to be Normal, it must posses both of what?

A
  • Pronucleus from SPERM

- Pronucleus from EGG

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6
Q

The Genes involved in differentiation

A
  • Cdx-2
  • Oct-4
  • Nanog
  • Sox2
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7
Q

Establishment of Poalrity

A
  • Polarization creates a recognizable APICAL & BASAL Surfaces
  • Polarization of Blastomeres determines whether cells are destined to become part of the ICM or Trophoblast
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8
Q

What stage is the Zygote considered an Embryo

A

Blastocyst at the 58-cell stage

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9
Q

What happens when the ICM does not properly separate?

A
  • Conjoined twins
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10
Q

Mutation of Prader-Willi is ALWAYS inherited from Whom? How?

A

From Father

  • Deletion of LONG arm on Chrom 15
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11
Q

Sox2

A
  • Helps to control Regulation of genes involved in differentiation
  • Works along with Oct-4
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12
Q

Cleavage of a Fertilized egg (Zygote)

A
  1. Zygote
  2. 2-cell
  3. 4-cell
  4. Morula
  5. Blastula
  6. Gastrula
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13
Q

T/F: Potency is Greater than Fate.

A

True

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14
Q

OCT-4

A
  • Expressed in dev Oocytes and Zygotes

- Req for 2-cell cleavage

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15
Q

T/F: The Zygote loses the ZP prior to Implantation.

A

True

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16
Q

When is Sox2 first expressed?

A

8-cell stage

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17
Q

X-inactivation takes place when?

A

During first few weeks of Dev

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18
Q

X-inactivation is brought about by what transcript?

A

Xist

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19
Q

When does the maternal gene products stop production in the developing zygote?

A

Immediately After the 2-Cell stage of development

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20
Q

What stage does Polarization take place?

A

8-16 cell stage

21
Q

Cell Polarity Model

A

Depends on PLANE of Cell division during cleavage

PARALLEL

Or

PERPENDICULAR

22
Q

Cdx-2

A
  • Essential for Troph cell DIFFERENTIATION
23
Q

Oct-4 is expressed in what type of cells?

A

All MORULA cells

24
Q

Without Nanog, ICM would differentiate to what?

A

ENDODERM

25
Q

Prader-Willi Characteristics

A
  • Small Hands and Feet
  • Short Stature
  • Poor sexual dev
  • Mental retardation
26
Q

What happens when the ICM splits in ONE Blastocyst?

A
  • Identical Twins
  • Formed in one Trophoblast
  • One sac
27
Q

What is the Stage where the cells do NOT Divide evenly?

A

Morula Stage

28
Q

Methylation Cycle

A
  • Egg and Sperm Highly methylated
  • Demethylation of parental genomes occur shortly after Fertilization
  • Then Remethylation in Late Blastocyst
  • Methylation fall after genital ridges
  • Remethylation occurs during late gametogenesis
29
Q

Coating the X-Chrom with Xist causes what?

A
  • Methylation of Histones
  • Alteration of Histone composition
  • removal of acetyl groups from histones
30
Q

Hatching

A

Blastocyst protruding out of the ZP

31
Q

Purpose of X-inactivation

A

To Provide EQUAL expression of X-Chrom in Both Males and Female

32
Q

Post fertilization Events

A

The Zygote

  • Becomes metabolically active
  • Undergoes cleavage
  • Transported down Uterine tube to uterus (Several Days)
  • Implantation
33
Q

Parental Imprinting Characteristics

A
  • Involves the methylation of DNA
  • Maintained throughout development
  • ERASED and REESTABLISHED w/ each round of Gametogenesis
34
Q

In terms of Polarity, in Parallel cleavage the Troph will be ____ and the ICM will be ____.

A
  1. Polar

2. Apolar

35
Q

Inner Cell Mass

A
  • Inner collection of Cells

- Forms Embryo and its structures

36
Q

Parental Imprinting occurs when?

A

During Gametogenesis

37
Q

Cleavage plane PERPENDICULAR to outer embryo surface

A

BOTH Daughter cells become Trophoblast cells

38
Q

Trophoblast

A
  • Outer Layer of cells

- Forms EXTRA-embryonic structures (Placenta)

39
Q

Inside-Out Hypothesis

A
  • Fate of Blastomere is determined by its POSITION w/in the Embryo
  • NOT by Intrinsic properties
40
Q

Two theories of Polarity

A
  1. Inside-Out Hypothesis

2. Cell Polarity Model

41
Q

Genetics control of cleavage in Invertebrates/Non-mammals Vs. Mammals

A

Inv:
- Controlled through gene products from the MOTHER

Mam:
- Controlled via the EMBRYONIC genome

42
Q

What happens when an embryo has early cleavage?

A
  • Identical twins

- 2 placentas

43
Q

Purpose of Methylation

A

When added to specific regions of DNA molecules it Inactivates

  • Genes
  • Enhancers
  • Promoters
44
Q

Angelman Syndrome Characteristics

A
  • Exhibit freq LAUGHTER
  • Uncontrolled Muscle Movement
  • Seizures
45
Q

Nanog

A
  • Produces by ICM

- Maintains integrity

46
Q

Cleavage plane PARALLEL to outer embryo surface

A
  • Outer cells -> Troph

- Inner cells -> ICM

47
Q

X-inactivation Characteristics

A

Once inactivated, remains inactivated

  • In ALL descendants of the first cell
48
Q

Mutation of Angelman Syndrome is ALWAYS inherited from Whom? How?

A

From the Mother

  • Deletion in Long arm of Chrom 15

Embryology (7 decks)

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