CLD - speech Flashcards
What are the stages of learning to speak?
babbling
holophrastic
two word stage
telegraphic
post-telegraphic stage
Holophrastic stage
12-18 months
phrases are reduced to one word
holophrases are single words usually nouns
eg: dog for where’s the dog? or that’s a dog!
Two-word stage
18-24 months
verbs start being used
correct syntax
eg: Milo woof
Telegraphic stage
24month-5years
just enough words to communicate
increased vocab
word classes acquired
Post-telegraphic stage
many advanced features
Types of mistakes children make
addition - ‘cat-o’ / diminutisation adding -y to words
deletion - ‘ca’ not ‘cat’
consonant cluster reduction - ‘ra-it’ not ‘rabbit’
substitution - easier phoneme used ‘yogurt’ not ‘yoghurt’
assimilation - ‘lellow’ not ‘yellow’, sound from later is used earlier
What does Hallidays functions look at?
what children are using language for
Name Hallidays core functions
- instrumental - child needs something
- regulatory - child wants something to happen
- interactional - child interacts with others
- personal - child wants to express themselves
- heuristic - child wants to learn about world
- imaginative - child wants to be creative with language
- representational - child wants to relay facts
Berko and Brown
‘fis’ not ‘fish’
children recognise their caregivers mistakes but cant fix their own
Who says there’s 3 types of overextension?
Rescorla
What are Rescorlas 3 types of overextension?
- categorical - applies label to everything in category
- analogical - everything physically or visibly similar
- relational - things somewhat related eg pen paper
Lenneberg
critical period for learning language - after its difficult to learn
Who can you link Genie case study with?
Lenneberg critical period theory
Cruttenden
learning inflections creates u shaped curve
1. child gets it right and praised
2. child overuses it
3. child learns when to use it correctly
What do behaviourists argue?
children learn through positive and negative reinforcement
What is interactionalism?
Argues that children are born with nothing and learn language from their social environment - includes caregivers help
Who is the main theorist for interactionalism?
Bruner - LASS (language acquisition support system) designed for caregivers to scaffold and support development
what is Child directed speech and name some features
Bruner - language we use when talking to a child
- labelling
- overarticulation
- echoing
- expansion
- expatiation (reposition with more info)
- reformulation (reposition with different wording)
Who named ‘motherese’ and what is it?
Snow
how mothers talk to children
1. higher pitch
2. range of intonation
3. interrogative and declaratives
4. syllable and phrase repetition
Who did the Jim case study and what is it?
Bard and Sachs
jim has two deaf parents
radio and tv wasn’t enough, speech and language therapy taught him to speak
importance of interactions
Snarey
Fathers interact physically less linguistically
What is nativism?
there is some form of in-built language device
Chomsky
language acquisition device (LAD)
contains a set of rules about use of grammar, different arts of the LAD activate when they’re exposed to new language
virtuous errors
Chomsky poverty of stimulus meaning
caregivers don’t give enough source of English for them to learn through imitation
