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IGCSE CAMBRIDGE BIOLOGY 2023. > Classification of Living Organisms. > Flashcards

Classification of Living Organisms. Flashcards

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1
Q

There are millions of species of organisms on Earth. Define species.

A

A species is defined as a group of organisms that can reproduce to produce fertile offspring.

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2
Q

How can species be classified into groups?

A

These species can be classified into groups by the features that they share.

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3
Q

Linnaeus named organisms in Latin using the binomial system. Define binomial system.

A

The scientific name of an organism is made up of two parts starting with the genus (always given a capital letter) and followed by the species (starting with a lower case letter).

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4
Q

The sequence of classification is: Name it.

A

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.

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5
Q

Studies of DNA sequences of different species show what?

A

These show that the more similar the base sequences in the DNA of two species, the more closely related those two species are.

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6
Q

The cells of all living organisms contain the following: Name them.

A

The cells of all living organisms contain the following:

  • Cytoplasm.
  • Cell membrane.
  • DNA as genetic material (either found in the nucleus or free in the cytoplasm).
  • Ribosomes for protein synthesis.
  • Enzymes for respiration.
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7
Q

The first division of living things in the classification system is to put them into one of five kingdoms. They are:
Name them.

A 
Animals.
Plants.
Fungi.
Protoctists.
Prokaryotes.
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8
Q

3 Main features of all animals:

A
  • They are multicellular.
  • Their cells contain a nucleus, but no cell walls or chloroplasts.
  • They feed on organic substances made by other living things.
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9
Q

3 Main features of all plants:

A
  • They are multicellular.
  • Their cells contain a nucleus, chloroplasts and cellulose cell walls.
  • They all feed by photosynthesis.
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10
Q

3 Main features of all fungi (e.g. moulds, mushrooms, yeast).

A
  • Usually multicellular.
  • Cells have nuclei, cell walls containing chitin, mitochondrion, ribosomes, cell membrane, and cytoplasm.
  • Do not photosynthesize but feed by saprophytic nutrition.
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11
Q

3 Main features of all Protoctists (e.g. Amoeba, Paramecium, Plasmodium):

A
  • Most are unicellular but some are multicellular.
  • All have a nucleus, some may have cell walls and chloroplasts.
  • Means some protoctists photosynthesize and some feed on organic substances made by other living things.
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12
Q

2 Main features of all Prokaryotes (bacteria, blue-green algae):

A
  • Often unicellular.

- Cells have cell walls (not made of cellulose) and cytoplasm but no nucleus or mitochondria.

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13
Q

Define vertebrate.

A

An animal that has a backbone extending down the back of the body.

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14
Q

There are 5 classes of vertebrates:

A

Vertebrates:

  • Fish.
  • Mammals.
  • Amphibians.
  • Birds.
  • Reptiles.
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15
Q 
Answer the following about Fish:
Body covers.
Limbs.
Breathing.
Reproduction.
Ears.
Teeth.
Body Temp.
A

Body covers = slimy scales.

Limbs = no limbs but have fins.

Breathing = gills (2 chambered heart).

Reproduction = soft eggs laid in water.

Ears: No ears.

Teeth: One type.

Body Temp: Variable temp.

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16
Q

Name 3 examples of fish.

A

Bream, bass, eels, tigerfish, sharks, and sea horses.

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17
Q 
Answer the following about mammals:
Body covers.
Limbs.
Breathing.
Reproduction.
Ears.
Teeth.
Body Temp.
A

Body covers = hair or fur.

Limbs = two pairs of legs, fins or wings.

Breathing = lungs.

Reproduction = give birth to live young that suckle milk from the mammary glands.

Ears: External ears.

Teeth: incisors, canines, premolars, molars.

Body Temp: Endothermic.

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18
Q

Name 3 examples of mammals.

A

Dogs, humans, elephants, and lions.

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19
Q 
Answer the following about birds:
Body covers.
Limbs.
Breathing.
Reproduction.
Ears.
Teeth.
Body Temp.
A

Body covers = feathers.

Limbs = one pair of wings and one pair of legs.

Breathing = lungs.

Reproduction = hard-shelled eggs on land (in nests).

Ears: No external ears.

Teeth: no teeth but has a beak.

Body Temp: Endothermic.

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20
Q

Name 4 examples of birds.

A

Doves, parrots, ostrich, and penguins.

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21
Q 
Answer the following about amphibians:
Body covers.
Limbs.
Breathing.
Reproduction.
Ears.
Teeth.
Body Temp.
A

Body covers = moist skin.

Limbs = two pairs of legs.

Breathing = larva uses gills in water, adult uses lungs on land and skin in water.

Reproduction = jelly-like eggs laid in water.

Ears: No external ears.

Teeth: One type.

Body Temp: Variable temp.

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22
Q

Name 3 examples of an amphibian.

A

Frog, toads, salamanders, and newt.

23
Q 
Answer the following about reptiles:
Body covers.
Limbs.
Breathing.
Reproduction.
Ears.
Teeth.
Body Temp.
A

Body covers = dry scales.

Limbs = two pairs of legs.

Breathing = lungs.

Reproduction = soft-shelled eggs on land.

Ears: No external ears.

Teeth: One type.

Body Temp: Variable temp.

24
Q

Name 3 examples of a reptile.

A

Lizards, crocodiles, and snakes.

25
Q

Define invertebrate.

A

An animal that lacks a vertebral column or backbone.

26
Q

All invertebrates with jointed legs, exoskeletons, and jointed bodies are part of the phylum Arthropods.
They are classified further into the following classes:

A

Crustaceans, myriapods, insects and arachnids.

27
Q 
Answer the following on myriapods:
Number of legs.
Number of wings.
Body divisions.
Number of antennae.
Habitat.
Breath.
A

Number of legs = 10+ pairs (1 or 2 per segment).

Number of wings = No wings

Body divisions = Segmented body.

Number of antennae = 1 pair.

Habitat = Lives on land.

Breath = Breathes air.

28
Q

Give two examples of myriapods.

A

Millipedes and centipedes.

29
Q 
Answer the following on crustaceans:
Number of legs.
Number of wings.
Body divisions.
Number of antennae.
Eyes.
Habitat.
Breath.
A

Number of legs = 5+ pairs

Number of wings = None.

Body divisions = cephalothorax and abdomen.

Number of antennae = 2 pairs.

Eyes = compound eyes.

Habitat = mainly aquatic.

Breath = Oxygen from water/ air and breathe through gills.

30
Q

Give three examples of crustaceans.

A

Crab, lobster, barnacle, shrimp and woodlouse.

31
Q 
Answer the following on insects:
Number of legs.
Number of wings.
Body divisions.
Number of antennae.
Eyes.
Habitat.
Breath.
Cuticle.
A

Number of legs = 3 pairs.

Number of wings = 2 pairs (may be functionless).

Body divisions = Head, abdomen and thorax.

Number of antennae = 1 pair.

Eyes = compound eyes.

Habitat = mainly terrestrial.

Breath = breathes air through tracheae.

Cuticle = waterproof cuticle.

32
Q

Give three example of insects.

A

Flies, cockroaches, beetles and lice.

33
Q 
Answer the following on arachnids:
Number of legs.
Number of wings.
Body divisions.
Number of antennae.
Habitat.
Breath.
Prey.
A

Number of legs = 4 pairs.

Number of wings = no wings.

Body divisions = cephalothorax and abdomen.

Number of antennae = No antennae.

Habitat = lives on land.

Breath = breathes through book lungs.

Prey = paralyse their prey with poisonous fangs.

34
Q

Give three examples of arachnids.

A

Spider, scorpion, tick and mite.

35
Q

What causes plants to be green and what does it do for the plant?

A

At least some parts of any plant are green, caused by the presence of the pigment chlorophyll which absorbs energy from sunlight for the process of photosynthesis.

36
Q

Answer the following about ferns:

  • Leaves.
  • Reproduction.
  • Stems.
A
  • Have leaves called fronds.
  • Do not produce flowers but instead reproduce by spores produced on the underside of fronds.
  • Underground stems called rhizomes.
37
Q

Flowering plants (Angiosperm):

  • Reproduction.
  • Seeds.
  • Divison into two groups.
A
  • Reproduce sexually by means of flowers and seeds
  • Seeds are produced inside the ovary found at the base of the flower
  • Can be divided into two groups – monocotyledons and dicotyledons
38
Q

Flowers:

  • Monocotyledons.
  • Dicotyledons.
A
  • Flowers from monocotyledons contain petals in multiples of 3.
  • Flowers from dicotyledons contain petals in multiples of 4 or 5.
39
Q

Leaves:

  • Monocotyledons.
  • Dicotyledons.
A
  • Leaves from monocotyledons have parallel leaf veins.

- Leaves from dicotyledons have reticulated leaf veins.

40
Q

Root system:

  • Monocotyledons.
  • Dicotyledons.
A
  • Monocotyledons = Fibrous root system which has adventitious roots.
  • Dicotyledons = Tap root system.
41
Q

Embryo:

  • Monocotyledons.
  • Dicotyledons.
A
  • Monocotyledons = Seed contains an embryo with one seed leaf (cotyledon).
  • Dicotyledons = Seed contains an embryo with two seed-leaves (cotyledons).
42
Q

Three examples of monocotyledons.

A

Maize, wheat, grass and rice.

43
Q

Three examples of dicotyledons.

A

Bean, cotton, oak tree and roses.

44
Q

What are viruses (simply)?

A

Virus structure is simply genetic material (RNA or DNA) inside a protein coat.

45
Q

Viruses do not carry out the seven life processes for themselves. What do they do instead?

A

Instead they take over a host cell’s metabolic pathways in order to make multiple copies of themselves.

46
Q

Viruses are not part of any classification system. Why?

A

Viruses are not part of any classification system as they are not considered living things.

47
Q

What are keys used to do?

A

Keys are used to identify organisms based on a series of questions about their features.

48
Q

Are organisms with the same genus name are closely related.

Explain your answer.

A

Yes, organisms placed in the same genus are always more closely related to each other than those in the same species family.

49
Q

Give two reasons as to why insects are successful on land.

A
  • They are covered by a waterproof cuticle that stops them from loosing too much water.
  • They can fly.
50
Q

What is the binomial name for humans?

A

Homo sapiens.

51
Q

What is a protoctist?

A

Single-celled plants and animals.

52
Q

Plants have a transport system called the vascular system with xylem vessels and phloem vessels.

a) What do xylem vessels transport?
b) What do phloem vessels transport?

A

a) Transport water and mineral salts.

b) Transport sucrose, amino acids and hormones.

53
Q

Diagrams to study:

A 
Monocotyledon.
Dicotyledon.
Prokaryotes.
Fungi.
Viruses.
Keys.

IGCSE CAMBRIDGE BIOLOGY 2023. (32 decks)

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