Classification and Taxonomy---Chapter 18

Question 1

Taxonomy

Answer 1

• scientists use a classification system to name and group organisms in a logical manner.
• assign each organism with a universally accepted name

Question 2

Binomial nomenclature

Answer 2

• developed by Carolus Linnaeus during 18th century
• two words naming system –> binomial nomenclature
• two part scientific name in italics
• first word capitalized, second word lower case
• E.g. Canis lupus

Question 3

Genus

Answer 3

• first part scientific name
• the genus to which organism belongs
• a group closely related species

Question 4

Linnaeus’s system of classification has how many levels?

Answer 4

7

Question 5

what are Linnaeus’s system of classifications levels?

Answer 5

kingdom, phylum, class, order, family , genus and species

Question 6

what is kingdom?

Answer 6

the largest and most inclusive

Question 7

what is phylum?

Answer 7

several different classes share important features and characteristics

Question 8

what is class?

Answer 8

composed of similar order

Question 9

what is order?

Answer 9

a broad category composed of similar families

Question 10

what is family?

Answer 10

genera that share many characteristics

Question 11

what is species?

Answer 11

unique to each species within the genus

Question 12

Linnaeus’s system of classifications order?

Answer 12

KPC OFGS (king Phillip came over for good soup)

Question 13

phylogeny?

Answer 13

is the evolutionary relationship between organisms.

Question 14

Classification using Cladograms?

Answer 14

identifies new characteristics that evolve over time.

Question 15

derived characteristics?

Answer 15

is the emergence of a new trait found in the recent lineage but not a more distant member.

Question 16

a cladogram?

Answer 16

a diagram that shows the evolutionary relationship between organisms.

Question 17

dichotomous keys?

Answer 17

a sequence of steps allowing the identification of a living thing to use a series of paired statements that describe physical characteristics different organisms.

Question 18

similarities in DNA and RNA?

Answer 18

genes show important similarities at the molecular level of many different organisms. It shows evolutionary relationships and can be used for classification.

Question 19

similar genes?

Answer 19

genes of diverse organisms show many similarities. indicates common ancestry.

Question 20

DNA evidence?

Answer 20

can show evolutionary relationships of species and how species have changed. more similar DNA sequences of two species –> the more recently they shared a common ancestor.

Question 21

molecular clock?

Answer 21

the average rate at which a species genome accumulates mutations, used to measure their evolutionary divergence and in other calculations.

Question 22

why do biologists assign each organism a universally accepted name?

Answer 22

scientific names are used to avoid a confusion that may arise when discussing the organism in question.

Question 23

what criteria are used to classify an organism?

Answer 23

scientist use similarities and evolutionary traits to classify an organism.

Question 24

what features of binomial nomenclature make it useful for scientists of all nation?

Answer 24

the use of Latin makes it useful for scientist of all nations.

Question 25

sequence Linnaeus’s seven taxonomic categories from smallest to largest.

Answer 25

kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species.

Question 26

explain the goal of evolutionary classification.

Answer 26

the goal of evolutionary classification is to look for a common ancestor.

Question 27

how is a cladogram used I classification?

Answer 27

cladograms use derived characters to classify.

Question 28

how do biologists use DNA and RNA to help classify organisms?

Answer 28

similarities in DNA & RNA are compared to determine the relationships between species. the more similarities the more closely related species are to one another.

Question 29

describe how a molecular clock is used to estimate the length of time two related species have been evolving independently.

Answer 29

a clock uses the appearance of DNA mutations at at constant rate to measure the length of time that had elapsed between the evolution of two related species.

Question 30

how do domains and kingdoms differ?

Answer 30

domains are more inclusive with fewer similarities being shared between members. kingdoms have fewer members that share more similarities.

Question 31

what characteristics are used to place an organism in the domain bacteria?

Answer 31

what characteristics are used to place an organism in the domain bacteria are linear DNA no nucleus, and no membrane bound organelles.

Question 32

which domain consists of prokaryotes whose cell walls lack peptidoglycan?

Answer 32

archaebacteria lack peptidoglycan.

Question 33

describe the four kingdoms that comprise the domain Eukarya?

Answer 33

Animalia, plantae, fungi and protista.

Question 34

what characteristic(s) differentiate the kingdom Animalia from the kingdom plantae?

Answer 34

plants have cell walls, chloroplasts, and large vacuole which animal cells do not have.

Question 35

prokaryotic?

Answer 35

has no nucleus