Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

SOC 2240 > Classical Sociology - Early Years > Flashcards

Classical Sociology - Early Years Flashcards

1
Q

when was classical soc?

A

early 1800’s-early 1900s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what SOCIAL forces that developed soc theory?

A
  1. Political Revolutions
    - French Revolution of 1789
  2. Industrial Revolution & Rise of Capitalism
  3. Rise of Socialism
  4. Femininsm
  5. Urbanization
  6. Religious Change
  7. Growth of science
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what INTELLECTUAL forces developed soc theory?

A

Enlightenment & Conservative Reaction to enlightenment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Explain the enlightenment

A
  • long standing beliefs were overthrown and replaced
  • rational vs. irrational
  • social world, like physical world is dominated by natural laws
  • Montesquieu and Rousseau were influenctial
  • Early soc was reaction to enlightenment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what were the 2 intellectual currents of the enlightenment

A
  1. 17th century philosophy
    - Descarte, Locke, Hobbes
    - They produced general, abstract theories
    - Enlightenment was grounded in the real world
  2. 17th century science
    - the model for EN theories was science
    - they used emperical research and reason
    - scientific method was used to analyze social isues
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What was the Conservative Reaction to enlightenment?

A
  • French Catholic counter philosophy
  • extreme anti-enlightenment sentiments from this group
  • DeBonald and Maistre - yearned for return to the peaceful middle ages
  • reason is inferior to religious beliefs
  • God created society, don’t change holy creation
  • maintaining social order is important
  • irrational parts of social life are positive characteristics
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what did the CR to enlightenment argue?

A

society over individual
change is negative, must maintain social order
we are interrellated and interdependant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Name 4 early french sociologists

A
  1. Toucqueville
  2. Saint-Simon
  3. Comte
  4. Durkheim
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What were the beliefs of Toucqueville?

A

3 interellated themes:

  1. freedom
  2. equality
  3. centralization - poses a threat to freedom
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Saint-Simon?

A
  • mentor of Comte
  • develloped both conservative and Marxian theories
  • wanted to preserve society as is, (not return like Maistre and De Bonald)
  • positivist
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Comte

A
  • coined the term sociology
  • model soc after hard sciences
  • law of 3 stages
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Durkheim

A
  • studied ‘ social facts’
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are social facts?

A
  • forces and structures that are external to and coercive of the individual

material vs. non material social facts
material = bureaucracy, law
nonmaterial = culture, social institutions
- changes and nature of social facts led to suicide rates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does Durkheim believe about religion

A

religion is the ‘collective conscience’

religion is way society expresses itself as a nonmaterial social fact

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Who are influencial German sociologists?

A 
Hegel
Feuerbach
Marx
Weber
Simmel
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Hegel

A
  • dominant influence on Marx
    2 main concepts:
  • dialectic - both way of thinking and an image of the world
  • the world is made up of processes not static structures

idealism - emphasizes importance of mind, social interpretation of the physical world

17
Q

Feuerbach

A
  • bridge between Hegel and Marx
  • criticized Hegel’s excessive focus on consciousness and spirit of society
  • need to focus on material reality
18
Q

how do Marx, Hegel and Feueurbach relate?

A
  • Marx argued the problems of modern life are traceable to real material sources
  • solution is for masses of people to overturn oppressive structures
  • took Hegel’s dialectics and Feurbach’s materialism
    ‘ dialectical materialism’ - focused on dialectical relationships within material world
19
Q

what is political economy?

A
  • adam smith

- marx believed labour is source of all wealth

20
Q
  • labour theory of value -
A
  • Marx
  • profit of capitalists based on exploitation of labour
  • surplus value was retained and reinvested in the system
21
Q

how was marx recieved in soc in his time?

A
  • not accepted by many theorists in 19th century
  • others concerned with social order and disorder after FR
  • Marx was concerned with revolution and oppression that arose through industrial capitalism
22
Q

Explain Marxian theory

A
  • people are naturally productive
  • natural process of productivity has been subverted
  • capitalism erects barriers between the labourer and product and process of production
  • creates alienation
23
Q

what is alienation?

A 
in 2 class system few capitalists own production process and products and labour of labourers
- marx wanted to liberate ppl in socialist society that would stop alientation
24
Q

Weber vs. Marx

A
  • Weber though Marx offered single-cause theories of social life
  • all about economic structures
  • marx thought material world influenced ideas
    weber - focused on effect of ideas on economy
  • ideas not just reflection of economic factors

-

25
Q

explain weber’s theory

A

theory of process of rationalization
- institutions in west became more rational while there were barriers of development in the rest of the world
concerned with
ex. of rationalization - bureaucracy (fast food companies)

3 types of authority systems

26
Q

explain weber’s 3 authority systems

A
  1. traditional - authority from long lasting beliefs
  2. charismatic - authority from extraordinary abilities, characteristics and treats
  3. rational- legal - rules legally and rationally enacted

west = rational-legal
everywhere else = mix of 1&2

27
Q

how was weber’s theory recieved

A
  • widely accepted because he didn’t propose radical solutions to problems
  • weber seen as alternative to marx by conservatives
  • thought in cause and effect terms instead of diallectically
  • marx focused too much on economy, weber considered all social life
28
Q

explain Simmel’s theory?

A
  • contemporary of weber
  • focused on individual level, not just large scale structures
  • argued there are forms of interaction (like conflict), and types of interactant (strangers)
  • understanding interactions is important for sociology
29
Q

what are the 3 themes of british sociological thought

A

British soc shaped in 19th century by 3 often conflicting sources

  1. political economy
  2. ameliorism
  3. social evolution
30
Q

What is ‘political economy’

A
  • theory of industrial and capitalist society by adam smith
  • British soc saw the market as positive force, and source of social order and integration in society
  • thus, sociologists ought not to criticize society, but gaher data
  • focus on individuals who make up structures
  • emperical sociologists collecting individual level data
31
Q

Explain ameliorism

A
  • desire to solve social problems by reforming individuals
  • acknowledge that there are social problems, but they want to preserve society
  • reform system so it continues as is, can victim blame
32
Q

explain social evolution

A

influenced by spencer and comte

33
Q

Explain Spencer and Comte

A

Spencer less conservative than compte

  • both think state shouldn’t intervene in individual affairs
  • world is growing progressively better, and should be left alone
  • survival of the fittest, social darwinism
  • society = organism
34
Q

explain evolutionary theory

A

2 perspectives

  1. increasing size of society
    - societies grow by unifiying more and more adjoining groups
  2. militant to industrial societies
    - militant societies structured for defensive and offensive warfare
    - industrial socieites - warfare isn’t functional and impedes evolution
    = based on friendship altruism and cooperation
35
Q

reaction to spencer in britain

A
  • against government intervention and social reform

- views against ameliorative British society

36
Q

Who was an Italian sociologist?

A

Pareto

  • major ideas in refutation of marx
  • emphasized role of nonrational factors such as human instincts
  • elite theory of social change, - elites must be responsible, masses not revolutionary force

SOC 2240 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions