Class - External

Question 1

Douglas

Answer 1

Parental interest: Conducted a longitudinal study and found that working class parents place less value on education, so their children were less ambitious. Greater levels of middle class parental interest were shown by: More frequent visits to schools, encouraging children to stay in school, and giving more attention and stimulus during primary socialisation (Cultural deprivation)

Question 2

Bernstein

Answer 2

The middle class use an “elaborated code” which is more expressive and imaginative in its vocabulary. The working class use a restricted code, which is grammatically much more simple. This is because the rigid working class family structure doesn’t let the individuals within it to interact in elaborate code. This means that working class pupils are at a disadvantage because elaborated language is used in exams and at school (Cultural deprivation)

Question 3

Sugarman

Answer 3

Parental occupations: Studied a group of boys at a London secondary school using questionnaires and found that the working and middle classes fair differently to education because of their attitudes towards it, which are determined by their parents’ occupations. There is a working class subculture that has four key features: Fatalism, collectivism, immediate gratification, and present time orientation (Cultural deprivation)

Question 4

Bourdieu

Answer 4

Says that the ruling decides what constitutes knowledge worth learning. Cultural capital can be translated into economic capital. Working class students reject elite universities because they do not fit with their class identities (Cultural capital)

Question 5

Gerwitz

Answer 5

Following the introduction of marketisation Gerwitz identified three types of parents: Privileged skilled choosers (MC), disconnected-local choosers (WC and restricted by a lack of cultural and economic capital), and semi-skilled choosers (mainly WC but ambitious for their children. Confused and frustrated by the system) (Cultural capital)

Question 6

Howard

Answer 6

A poor diet amongst the working class leads to underachievement as pupils experience higher levels of illness, so are more absent from school, which correlates with underperformance (Material deprivation)

Question 7

Reay

Answer 7

Working class pupils are more likely to apply to local universities so that they can live at home to reduce living costs. Working class pupils are also more likely to have a part time job to fund their studies, which can interfere with their school work (Material deprivation)

Question 8

Keddie

Answer 8

Internal factors are more important than these external ones. Cultural deprivation is a myth (Material deprivation)