Class 9: Schizophrenia Flashcards
What kind of disorder is schizophrenia classified as?
A psychotic disorder
Define Psychosis
Loss of contact with reality (psyche = mind/soul and -osis=abnormal condition
Define Schizophrenia
A severe, chronic mental disorder characterized by disturbances in thought, perception and behaviour.
What percent of Canadian’s have schizophrenia?
1% (56% are men, 44% are women)
What are 2 historical terms of schizophrenia?
Madness or Lunacy
Who first characterized schizophrenia? And what was it a combination of.
Emil Kraeplin combined Catatonia, Hebephrenia (silly and immature emotionally), and paranoia
Who named schizophrenia and why?
Eugen Bleuler, meaning “split mind” because of various elements of the mind becoming disconnected from each other
What are the 3 DSM symptoms groups of schizophrenia?
- Positive
- Negative
- Cognitive Symptoms
Define the Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia with 3 examples?
Symptoms that go beyond normally occurring experiences such as hallucinations (usually sounds), delusions, and paranoia.
Define Hallucinations
experience of sensory events without any input from the surrounding environment
Define Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia
Deficit or absence in a normal behaviour.
What are the 5 types of Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia?
- Apathy (inability to get started)
- Autism (tendency to keep to ones self)
- Ambivalence (emotional and social withdrawal)
- Anhedonia (without pleasure)
- Affective flattening (absence of visible emotions, facial expressions and emotional inflectio
Define Cognitive Symptoms of Schizophrenia
Erratic changes in speech, motor behaviour and emotions
What are the 3 types of Cognitive Symptoms of Schizophrenia?
- Disorganized speech
- Inappropriate affect (wrong emotion at wrong time)
- Disorganized behaviour (wild agitation to catatonic immobility ie waxy flexibility)
When are people typically diagnosed with schizophrenia?
Late adolescence or early adulthood (men early than women)
What are the stages of schizophrenia called and (when do they take place)
- Premorbid (birth to 12)
- Prodromal (12 to 20)
- Onset/deterioration (20 to 35)
- Chronic/residual (35+)
What are the 4 causes of schizophrenia?
- Genetic
- fetal exposure to influenza
- delivery complications
- Stressful life event in those with “risky genetics”
What does the DISC-1 gene do?
Cannabis use has been shown to increase brain defects associated with schizophrenia in individuals who have DISC-1 gene mutation
What are 2 anatomical differences observed in those with schizophrenic brains?
- Enlarged lateral ventricles
2. Reductions in size of hippocampus (decreases over time)
What abnormalities are observed under a microscope in people with schizophrenia?
- Reduced dendritic spine(post-synaptic terminal) density in the PFC.
- Disorganized patterns of neuronal organization in hippocampus
Define Dendritic Spine
a small knob located on dendrites (that represent a post-synaptic terminal)
What is chlorpromazine?
Was originally used in the 1950s anesthetic and other purposes, but it produced amazing success when given to psychotic patients. It became the original antipsychotic.
How does chlorpromazine work as a antipsychotic?
Chlorpromazine works primarily by blocking dopamine receptors (specifically D2 type)
What is a PET scan and what does it stand for?
Positron Emission Tomography is an imagining technique allowing us to measure activity of neurons at cellular level (that detects changes in blood flow by measuring changes in the uptake of compounds (ie glucose or oxygen) )
Where are relevant to schizophrenia D2 receptors found?
The striatum (part of basal ganglia)
What happens when there is an underutilization of DA (D1) receptors in the PFC?
Hypofrontality (or low use of PFC)
