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NEUR1202 > Class 2: Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Class 2: Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What percent of the human body is the brain and what percent of energy does the brain use?

A

2% of the body, but used 20% of the body’s energy

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2
Q

Definition of Neuroplasticity

A

the brain’s ability to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections throughout life (whether through repair to injury/damage or in response to new experiences)

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3
Q

Definition of Neurogenesis

A

the production and growth of new neural cells during development & in select brain regions, throughout life

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4
Q

What does severe alcohol use actually do to the brain?

A

Severe alcohol use damages the dendrites which are responsible for bringing the message into the cell and communicating between cells.

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5
Q

Definition Neuroanatomy

A

the study of the structure and organization of the nervous system

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6
Q

Name the two divisions of the Nervous Systems

A

Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

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7
Q

Name the two parts of the CNS

A

The brain and spinal cord

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8
Q

Name the two divisions of the PNS

A

Somatic Nervous System and Autonomic Nervous System

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9
Q

What are the nerves that carry sensory information into the CNS called?

A

Afferent Nerves

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10
Q

What are the nerves that carry the information from the CNS to produce a response called?

A

Efferent Nerves

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11
Q

What is the purpose of the Somatic Division of the PNS?

A

It connects the brain to the outside world and allows it to interact with the environment.

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12
Q

What is the purpose of the Autonomic Division of the PNS?

A

It regulates the organs and glands automatic functions (such as HR, digestion, lung movement, and arousal)

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13
Q

What are the two divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System?

A

Sympathetic Nerves and Parasympathetic Nerves

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14
Q

What are the sympathetic nerves responsible for? What are the 5 examples?

A

Sympathetic Nerves are responsible for the fight & flee.

  1. DILATES Pupils (enhanced vision)
  2. RELAXES Bronchi (increase air to lungs)
  3. INCREASES HR (increase oxygen)
  4. INHIBITS digestion (blood sent to muscles)
  5. CONTRACTS Vessels (increase blood pressure)
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15
Q

What are the parasympathetic nerves responsible for? What are the 5 examples?

A

Parasympathetic Nerves are responsible for the rest & digests.

  1. CONTRACTS Pupils (enhanced vision)
  2. CONSTRICTS Bronchi (increase air to lungs)
  3. SLOWS HR (increase oxygen)
  4. STIMULATES digestion (blood sent to muscles)
  5. DILATES Vessels (increase blood pressure)
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16
Q

What are the blood vessels of the brain called and how much energy (oxygen and blood) does it use? (% total amount in body)

A

The vasculature uses 20% of the oxygen from the lungs and 20% of the blood of the body.

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17
Q

What is the Anatomical Orientation?

A

Orientation of structures in relation to other structures.

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18
Q

What is the name of this section and view?

A

The Coronal Section and the Frontal View.

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19
Q

What is this name of the section and view?

A

The Sagittal Section and the Medial View

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20
Q

What is the name of this section and view?

A

The Horizontal Section and the Dorsal View.

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21
Q

What is the Meninges?

A

The Meninges is the protective tissue between the brain and the skill.

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22
Q

What are the three layers of the Meninges?

A

Dura mater, Arachnoid, Pia mater

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23
Q

Describe the dura mater layer of the Meninges.

A

Tough outer double layer of fibrous tissue that encloses the brain in a loose sack

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24
Q

Describe the arachnoid layer of the meninges.

A

A thin sheet of delicate connective tissue that follows the brains contours.

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25
Q

Describe the pia mater layer of the meninges.

A

Moderately tough inner layer that clings to the brain’s surface

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26
Q

What is Cerebrospinal Fluid and where can it generally be found?

A

CSF is a solution of sodium chloride and other salts that circulates around the brain and spinal cord.

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27
Q

Between what layers of the Meninges can CSF be found?

A

Cerebrospinal Fluid can be found between the arachnoid layer and the pia mater in the subarachnoid space.

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28
Q

What is the purpose of the CSF? (3 things)

A
  1. It allows the brain to float, move and expand without hitting the skull
  2. It is involved in metabolic processes
  3. It is involved in waste clearance
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29
Q

What is the BBB and what is it made up of?

A

The blood-brain barrier are the blood vessels of the CNS.

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30
Q

What unique properties does the BBB possess?

A

It prevents solutes in circulating blood from entering the CNS tissue by acting as a highly selective semipermeable barrier.

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31
Q

Name these parts of the brain.

A

A - Cerebrum
B - Brainstem
C - Cerebellum

32
Q

What is the largest portion of the brain?

A

The Cerebrum

33
Q

The Cerebrum is divided into two hemisphere along what?

A

The longitudinal fissue

34
Q

What is the cerebral cortex?

A

The externally visible structure (aka neocortex) of the Cerebrum

35
Q

Why does the cerebral cortex have wrinkles or folds?

A

The cerebral cortex is a thin set of nerve tissue that is folded many times in order to fit inside the skull.

36
Q

What are the peaks and valley of the cerebral cortex called?

A

Peaks: Gyrus
Valley: Sulcus

37
Q

Name the 4 lobes of the cerebral cortex and the 2 division lines.

38
Q

Name the 4 parts of the Limbic System

39
Q

What are the main functions of the limbic system?

A

Processing & Regulating Emotions and Memory

40
Q

What system of brain structures is important to the stress response and linked to a number of psychiatric disorders? (including what two systems)

A

Limbic system is highly connected to the endocrine system & autonomic nervous system

41
Q

What is the hippocampus generally responsible for?

A
  • Spatial memory
  • Navigation
  • Transfer of short term to long term memory and
  • Turning off stress response.
42
Q

What is the amygdala generally responsible for?

A
  • Empathy

- Fear (including fight or flight)

43
Q

What is the hypothalamus generally responsible for?

A
  • Central regulator of the body

- Controls hormone release from various glands in the body

44
Q

What is the cingulate gyrus generally responsible for?

A
  • Processing emotional distress/pain

- Drives bodies response to unpleasant experiences

45
Q

What is the Basal Ganglia responsible for?

A

A group of structures that together regulate the initiation of (voluntary) movement.

46
Q

Label the Basal Ganglia Parts

47
Q

Name the two divisions of the Cerebrum

A

Cerebral Cortex and Subcortical Regions

48
Q

What are the three parts of the brainstem?

A
  1. Diencephalon
  2. Midbrain
  3. Hindbrain
49
Q

What is the general function of the brainstem?

A

Maintain homeostasis by controlling autonomic functions (including balance, and fine (involuntary) movements

50
Q

Label the brainstem.

51
Q

What two parts make up the Diencephalon?

A

Thalamus and Hypothalamus

52
Q

What two parts make up the Midbrain of the Brainstem?

A

Ventral tegmental area (VTA) and substantia nigra (SNpc)

53
Q

What two parts make up the Hindbrain of the Brainstem?

A

Pons and Medulla.

54
Q

What is the Thalamus generally responsible for?

A

All sensory information except smell

55
Q

What is the midbrain generally responsible for?

A

Reward or initiation of movement

56
Q

What is the Pons generally responsible for?

A

Breathing and with circuits that generate respirator rhythms

57
Q

What is this?

58
Q

What is this?

59
Q

What is the Medulla generally responsible for?

A

Breathing and HR

60
Q

What is the Cerebellum generally responsible for?

A

Monitors and regulates motor automatic behaviours (such as balance/posture)

61
Q

What kind of brain cell is this and what does it do?

A

Neuron: it is the basic functional cell of nervous system for transmitting info

62
Q

What kind of brain cell is this and what does it do?

A

Microglia: it is a brain immune cell

63
Q

What kind of brain cell is this and what does it do?

A

Astrocyte: Keeps neurons in place and provided nutrients

64
Q

What kind of brain cell is this and what does it do?

A

Oligodendrocytes: surrounds axon of a neuron with myelin to speed up transmission of a signal down an axon

65
Q

Label the Neuron

66
Q

What does a Myelin Sheath do?

A

Surrounds an axon and provides an insulating layer that helps information travel

67
Q

What is the myelin produced by in both the CNS and PNS?

A

CNS - Oligodendrocytes

PNS - Schwann Cells

68
Q

What is the white and grey matter made up of?

A

White matter - Myelin Sheath

Grey matter - Soma (cell body)

69
Q

What is a tract when inside CNS (or nerve outside the CNS)?

A

Several axon fibers running together.

70
Q

Name the 4 divisions of the Cerebral Cortex

A

Frontal Lobe, Parietal Lobe, Temporal Lobe, and Occipital Lobe.

71
Q

Name the two divisions of the subcortical regions

A

Basal Ganglia and Limbic System

72
Q

Name the 3 divisions of the Basal Ganglia (including 2 subdivisions of one of the divisions)

A

Globus Pallidus, Substantia Nigra and Striatum (which include Caudate Nucleus and Putamen)

73
Q

Name the 4 areas of the Limbic System

A

Hippocampus, Amygdala, Cingulate Gyrus, and Hypothalamus

74
Q

What is the Occipital Lobe responsible for?

75
Q

What is the Parietal Lobe responsible for?

76
Q

What is the Temporal Lobe responsible for?

A

Hear, Language, Musical Ability, and Memory

77
Q

What is the Frontal Lobe responsible for?

A

Develops last and is responsible or executive function

NEUR1202 (15 decks)

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