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NEUR1202 > Class 10/11: Anxiety Disorders > Flashcards

Class 10/11: Anxiety Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main difference between normal anxiety and an anxiety disorder?

A

Anxiety disorders have persistent or recurrent anxiety that prevents the individual from full participation in life

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2
Q

Name 7 anxiety disorders.

A
  1. GAD
  2. Panic Disorder
  3. Phobias & Specific Phobia
  4. Agoraphobia
  5. Social Anxiety Disorder
  6. Separation Anxiety Disorder
  7. Selective Mutism
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3
Q

What 2 requirements must be met for a person to be diagnosed with an anxiety disorder?

A
  1. The fear/anxiety must be out of proportion to the situation (or age-inappropriate
  2. The fear/anxiety must hinder ability to function normally
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4
Q

Define Fear

A

Immediate alarm reaction to present danger which is characterized by a strong motivation to escape

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5
Q

What does fear activate in the body?

A

The sympathetic nervous system and the SAM axis.

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6
Q

What is Anxiety?

A

Apprehension/worry about real or perceived future threats

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7
Q

What is a fear reaction?

A

An emotional and physiological reaction to real or perceived immediate threats

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8
Q

Which is more common in GAD: Fear or Anxiety?

A

Anxiety

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9
Q

Which is more common in Panic Disorders: Fear or Anxiety?

A

Fear

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10
Q

Which is more common in PTSD: Fear or Anxiety?

A

It is a combination of both

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11
Q

What is anxiety generally characterized as?

A

Negative mood state characterized by bodily symptoms of physical tension and psychological symptoms of apprehension about the future

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12
Q

Define Comorbidity

A

When an individual suffers from 2+ conditions

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13
Q

What is panic disorder generally characterized as?

A

By recurrent and sudden debilitating panic attacks that come on unexpectedly

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14
Q

What are the 13 symptoms of a Panic Attack (according to the DSM-5)

A
  1. Heart Palpitations
  2. Sensations of shortness of breath or smothering
  3. Sweating
  4. Chills or Heat Sensations
  5. Feeling Dizzy
  6. Chest Pain or Discomfort
  7. Trembling or Shaking
  8. Fearing of Losing Control
  9. Nausea or Abdominal Distress
  10. Fear of Dying
  11. Numbness or Tingling Sensation
  12. Being detached from oneself
  13. Feeling of Choking
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15
Q

How many symptoms do you need to experience for it to be classified as a panic attack?

A

4+

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16
Q

How is a panic disorder relate to panic attacks?

A

A panic disorder involves unexpected and recurrent panic attacks and worry about have new panic attacks for at least 1 month

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17
Q

How does the Amygdala react so quickly?

A

It has direct access to the sensory information which means it can react before the individual realizes what they are looking at.

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18
Q

Which part of the nervous system is the Amygdala connected to?

A

The SNS

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19
Q

What percent are panic disorders are heritable?

A

48%

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20
Q

What gene is linked to Panic Disorders?

A

COMT which codes for Catechol-O-Methyltransferase which degrades catecholamine NTs

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21
Q

What are the criteria to be diagnosed with GAD?

A

Excessive anxiety and worry occurring more days than not for at least 6 month.

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22
Q

What are 6 symptoms of GAD?

A
  1. Restlessness on edge
  2. Difficulty concentrating
  3. Easily Fatigued
  4. Muscle tension
  5. Irritability
  6. Sleep Disturbance
23
Q

Is worry about number of events/activites or intensity of worry?

A

Number

24
Q

Define autonomic restrictors

A

The SNS is actually less responsive to stressors

25
Q

Which mood disorder is NOT associated with activity of the SNS

A

GAD

26
Q

Which mood disorder is associated with an overactivity of the SNS

A

Panic Disorder

27
Q

What are the 3 Neurobiological different in people with GAD?

A
  1. Increased activation of the frontal lobes in response to stressful stimuli
  2. Potentially reduced size/function of amygdala
  3. Greater activation in anticipation of a negative image (not the actual response, just anticipation)
28
Q

What are antianxiety meds called?

A

anxiolytics (anguish-loosen)

29
Q

Which disorder does slow acting anxiolytics treat?

A

GAD

30
Q

Which disorder does fast acting anxiolytics treat?

A

Panic Disorder

31
Q

What do Benzodiazepines do?

A

Activate GABA receptors (inhibit signaling in brain)

32
Q

Name 3 anxiolytics

A
  1. Xanax (alprazolam)
  2. Valium (diazepam)
  3. Ativan (lorazepam)
33
Q

What are beta blockers?

A

Traditionally prescribed for cardiovascular disease, but can also be useful in treating short-term anxiety

34
Q

How do beta blockers work?

A

Block β-adrenergic receptor in SNS outside BBB (in autonomic system) but do not affect brain and mental processes

35
Q

Name 3 non-pharmacological treatments of Anxiety disorders.

A
  1. Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT)
  2. Interoceptive Exposure
  3. Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) Therapy
36
Q

What is CBT?

A

Therapeutic approach that focuses on challenging distorted cognitions and related behaviours

37
Q

What is Interoceptive Exposure?

A

Patient exposed to exercises that evoke physical sensations associated with panic attack (hyperventilation); realize that the worst possible outcome (dying) does not occur

38
Q

Define EMDR Therapy

A

[CONTROVERSIAL] Patients asked to recall traumatic memory while making eye movements an/or listening to alternating audio tones/tapping

39
Q

Name 3 effects exercise has on the brain.

A
  1. Exercise increases the release of chemicals that promote the birth and growth of new neural cells (neurogenesis)
  2. Exercise may also enlarge the hippocampus to improve memory performance
  3. Exercise has shown to enhance other chemicals in the body (ie endorphines)
40
Q

Define endocannabinoids

A

Molecules made by the body which are increased in response to exercise which are very similar to cannabinoids (THC and CBD)

41
Q

Give 3 examples of endocannabinoids

A

AEA (Anandamide), 2-AG (2-Arachidonoylglecerol), and OEA (Oleoylethanolaminde)

42
Q

Name 2 endocannabinoid receptors and where they are located

A

CB1, and CB2, throughout the brain

43
Q

What occurs when the CB1 receptor gets blocked?

A

Anxiolytic behaviour (anxiety related behvaiour)

44
Q

What was the result of the exercise light/dark box mouse test?

A

The mouse that could exercise was in the light area more unless the CB1 receptor was blocked

45
Q

Define agonizing

A

a drug that activate receptors on post synaptic neuron

46
Q

Define antagonizing

A

A drug that blocks the receptor or transporter

47
Q

In what state is this?

A

An activated microglia

48
Q

Where is the CB2 receptor generally found?

A

The brain’s immune cells (microglia’s)

49
Q

What occurs during neuroinflammation?

A

Enhanced expression of active microglia

50
Q

Define the ‘animal model’ of stress

A

The chronic unpredictable stress model (CUS)

51
Q

Name 7 ways a mouse could be stressed?

A
  1. Wet bedding
  2. No Food
  3. No Water
  4. Very small area to stand (otherwise water)
  5. Electric shocks
  6. Tiny cage
  7. Cage at an angle
52
Q

What is a depressive like behaviours in mice?

A

Drinking plain water when sucrose water is available

53
Q

What are 2 anxiety like behaviours in mice?

A
  1. The open field test where anxious mice will hang out around the edges and calm mice will hang out near the middle
  2. A hanging t model where two legs of the t are enclosed and two are open, the anxious mouse will hang out in the enclosed legs while calm mice will explore the open legs.
54
Q

How does CBD affects anxiety?

A

CBD activates the CB2 receptor in the activated microglia reducing the neuroinflammation.

NEUR1202 (15 decks)

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