Class 3: Neurophysiology

Question 1

What are 1 and 2 and what do they do respectively?

Answer 1

Nucleus and Nuclear Membrane. The nucleus contains the chromosomes and genes and the membrane surrounds it.

Question 2

What is 3 and what does it do?

Answer 2

The mitochondrion the powerhouse of the cell.

Question 3

What is 4 and what does it do?

Answer 3

Endoplasmic reticulum is folded layers of membrane where proteins are assembled.

Question 4

What is 5 and what does it do?

Answer 4

Intracellular fluid which suspends the cell’s internal structures

Question 5

What is 6 and 7 are what do they do respectively?

Answer 5

Tubule and Cell membrane. The tubules are tiny tubes that transport molecules and help give the cell its shape and the cell membrane is the membrane surrounding the entire cell

Question 6

What is 8 and what does it do?

Answer 6

Microfilaments are threadlike fibers making up much of the cell’s skeleton

Question 7

What is 9 and what does it do?

Answer 7

Lysosomes are sacs containing enzymes that break down wastes

Question 8

What is 10 and what does it do?

Answer 8

Golgi body which is a membranous structure that packages protein for molecules for transport.

Question 9

In what forms does information flow within a neuron/axon primarily?

Answer 9

electrical

Question 10

In what form does information flow between neurons primarily?

Answer 10

chemical

Question 11

In what form does information flow between neurons primarily?

Answer 11

chemical

Question 12

What is the resting state and threshold levels of membrane potential?

Answer 12

-70mv and -55mvl

Question 13

Overall the net effect inside a neuron is more (positive/negative) and outside of a neuron is more (positive/negative).

Answer 13

Inside is negative and outside is positive

Question 14

What are the ions inside the resting cell?

Answer 14

Protein ions (A-) and Potassium Ions (K+)

Question 15

What are the ions outside the resting cell?

Answer 15

Sodium (Na+) and Chloride (Cl-)

Question 16

What are A and B called?

Answer 16

A is action potential and B is Refactory

Question 17

What occurs during depolarization?

Answer 17

Ion channels (voltage gated) in membrane open and outside positive ions try to compensate for negative charge inside cell

Question 18

What occurs during repolarization?

Answer 18

K+ ions rush out due to now positive charge inside cell

Question 19

What is this and what are its 3 parts?

Answer 19

The synapse is made up of the pre-synaptic neuron, the synaptic cleft and the post-synaptic neuron.

Question 20

What are the 4 steps of Synaptic Transmission?

Answer 20

1. NTs are synthesized and stored in the presynaptic axon terminal
2. Action Potentials stimulate the release of NTs into the synaptic cleft
3. NTs bind to specific receptors
4. Ion channels open once receptors are coupled with specific NT

Question 21

What are IPSPs?

Answer 21

Inhibitory Post-Synaptic Potentials: where the inhibitory NTs promotes (-) ions into cell making it more negative instead of less

Question 22

What are EPSPs?

Answer 22

Excitatory Post-Synaptic Potentials: where the excitatory NTs depolarize the post-synaptic membrane increasing likelihood of AP

Question 23

What is hyperpolarization vs depolarization?

Answer 23

Two IPSPs will create a hyperpolarization (more polarized) and two EPSPs will create a depolarization.

Question 24

What are Ligands and what do they do?

Answer 24

Ligands are molecules that bind and activate receptors (such as NTs and hormones)

Question 25

What are the 4 ways NTs are removed from the synaptic cleft?

Answer 25

1. Diffusion
2. Degradation (specialized enzymes break down NTs to inactive molecules)
3. Reuptake (specialized proteins called reuptake transporters recycle NTs back into pre-synaptic terminal)
4. Glial cells near by may also take up stray NTs