Class 9 - communicable diseases Flashcards
define quarantine
restriction of activities for a ‘well person’ who has been exposed to an infectious agent
define isolation
separation of an ‘infectious person’ for a period of time to prevent or limit the direct or indirect transmission of the infectious agent
Define contact tracing
response to a communicable disease report
Define vector borne infection
caused by viruses, bacteria, and parasites that living creatures carry and pass on to other living creatures
Define surveillance, of a disease
consists of the process of systemic collection, orderly consolidation, analysis, and evaluation of pertinent data w/ prompt dissemination of results
Define incubation period
Time interval between initial contact with an infectious agent and appearance of the first sign or symptom of disease in question
Define communicable (infectious) period
time during which an infectious agent may be transferred directly or indirectly from an infected person to another person
Define infection
invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues
What can infections be caused by
- bacteria
- viruses
- fungi
- parasites
protozoa (cause unique immune response)
What are some of the factors that put people at greater risk for infection?
- age (young/old)
- weakened immune-system
- unprotected sex
- malnutrition
Time period for Acute infection
resolving in a few days or weeks
Time period for Chronic infection
lasting >12 weeks, may be incurable
define Localized infection
limited to a specific body area
define disseminated infection
spread to other parts of body
define systemic infection
spreading throughout the body
Define sepsis
pathogens throughout blood and tissues
What is a primary infection
what started the infection
What is a secondary infection
result of the initial infection (get from primary)
What is a health acquired infection
infection caught in healthcare setting
what is a community acquired infection
infection from the community
What three elements are needed for an infection to occur (epidemiological triangle)
- susceptible host
- infective pathogen/agent
- supportive environment
What are ways to interrupt transmission of a disease (epidemiological triangle)
- air quality
- vaccine
- sanitation
- improve housing
What type of assessment is needed for an infectious person
- hx of previous illness
- symptoms
- exam (physical, observation, self-report)
- Dx test (labs, C&S, radiological)
What are the different classifications of communicable disease
- clinical characteristics (diarrhea, CVS, Resp, etc)
- microbiologic (bacterial, viral, fungal, etc)
- means of transmission (contact, airborne, vector-borne, etc.)
- reservoir in nature (human, animals, water, soil)
- public health programs (vaccines preventable, resp, enteric/food-/water-borne)
What are the different types of infection transmission
- vector-borne
- enteric
- respiratory
- zoonotic
- sexual
- blood-borne
- healthcare
Examples of zoonotic transmittable illnesses
- ebola
- rabies
- e. coli.
- avian flu
- bovine TB
Examples of vector-borne transmittable illnesses
- lyme disease
- malaria
- west nile
Examples of enteric transmittable illnesses
- salomonella
- e. coli
- hep A
Examples of respiratory transmittable illnesses
- pneumococcal pneumonia (droplet)
- chicken pox
- group A strep (large droplet)
- pulmonary TB
- measles
- influenza
Examples of sexual transmittable illnesses
- chlamydia
- syphilis
- gonorrhea
- HIV
- Hep B
Examples of blood-borne transmittable illnesses
- Hep C
- HIV
Examples of Healthcare transmittable illnesses
C Diff
which types of hepatitis have vaccines
A & B
What are the levels of prevention in infections
- primordial (health promotion)
- primary (prevent diseases)
- secondary (detect disease so we can dx + tx)
- tertiary (reduce severity)
Define prophylaxis
action taken to prevent disease
Examples of prophylaxis, pre-exposure
- dental work: abx prior to
- HIV: antiretroviral meds for uninfected high risk people
Examples of prophylaxis, post-exposure
-HIV: PEP is 28 days antiretroviral meds after specific exposure
- Hep A: PEP vaccine & IG to prevent; admin w/in 2 weeks of exposure
What are guiding principles for STBBI
- diversity
- cultural safety
- health equity
- population health approach
- harm reduction approach
- EIP
What are ways to preventative measure for syphilis
- rigorous contact tracing
- screening high risk groups
- routine blood test w/ STI screen + pregnancy + immigration
- local outreach to MSM
What are health promotion actions for chlamydia & GC
- healthy sexuality
- healthy childhood development
- school health curriculum
- social marketing
What are primary prevention actions for chlamydia & GC
- educating on condom use
- Hep B vaccines (and A)
- school health curriculum
- social marketing
What are secondary prevention actions for chlamydia & GC
- screening at risk groups
- contact tracing and notification of exposure (tx exposed)
- routine testing
- pap test
What is Twinrix
vaccine combo of Hep A and B given when both are missed in routine
Which entities help prevent foodborne infections
- Health Canada
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency
- Public Health Agency of Canada
- Canada Institutes of Health Research (CIHR)
What are the types of primary prevention actions for foodborne infections
- public health
- regulations & policies
- structural
Primary prevention, foodborne infections, public education
- hand washing
- proper food storage and handling
Primary prevention, foodborne infections, regulations and policies
- cleaning
- cooking thoroughly
- chilling (fridge at 0 - 5C)
- cross-contamination, equipment, work, surfaces
Primary prevention, foodborne infections, structural
uncontaminated food sources and water supply
What are the types of secondary prevention actions for foodborne infections
- systemic surveillance and inspection programs
- contact tracing
- proper tx of index case and contacts
Botulism, mode of transmission
- contaminated food
- home canning
Botulism, prevention
- wash hands
- food handling
- check yo cans
Salmonella, mode of transmission
contaminated food and water:
- enteric fever (sanitation related)
- gastroenterisits (GI tract of animals)
Salmonella, prevention
- refrigeration slows growth; heat can kill it
- sanitation
- pasteurizing milk, food handling, not eating raw dough
E. Coli, mode of transmission
- undercooked beef
- contaminated water, surfaces, soil
- pasteurized milk
E. Coli, prevention
- food safety
- cooking food supply
- drinking water safety (testing)
Listeria, mode of transmission
- contaminated food/food processing equipment
- vertical transmission after birth
Listeria, prevention
- sanitation
- sterilizing equipment
- inspection of facilities
