Class 1 Flashcards
define population health
An approach to health that aims to improve the health of the entire population and to reduce health inequities among population groups - it acts upon the broad range of factors and conditions that have a strong influence on our health
population health is operationalized at which levels?
- societal (national, provincial/territorial, regional)
- structure or systems (education, justice, or health system)
- community (city, town, neighborhood)
- groups and aggregates (the homeless, single parents, newcomers)
- family and individual
What are the six core themes of population health approach? (Cohen et al, 2014)
- Focus on health and wellness and prevention rather than on illness
- Taking a population rather than an individual orientation
- Understanding needs and solutions through community outreach
- Addressing equity, health disparities, and health in vulnerable groups
- Addressing the social and multiple determinants of health
- Embracing intersectoral action and partnerships
Perspectives on Health
- biomedical
- behavioural/lifestyle
- socio-environmental
- population health
biomedical perspective, concept of health:
absence of disease
biomedical perspective, key actors:
physicians, specialists, patients
biomedical perspective, health determinant(s):
physiological risk factors
biomedical perspective, target:
high risk individuals
biomedical perspective, example of strategies:
- screening
- education
- therapy
biomedical perspective, success criteria:
decrease morbidity, mortality
biomedical perspective, examples of main culprits
- cancer
- cardiovascular disease
- obesity
- accidents
behavioural/lifestyle perspective, important documents
- Lalonde Report
- Health Directorate of Canada (federal department health promotion)
behavioural/lifestyle perspective, concept of health:
physical and emotional well-being
behavioural/lifestyle perspective, key actors
individuals, communities
behavioural/lifestyle perspective, health determinant(s):
- behavioural
- lifestyle risk factors: biology, environment, health care
behavioural/lifestyle perspective, target:
high risk individuals/groups
behavioural/lifestyle perspective, strategies:
- education
- marketing
- regulations
- policies
behavioural/lifestyle perspective, success criteria:
- improved lifestyle
- decrease unhealthy behaviours
behavioural/lifestyle perspective, examples of main culprits:
- smoking
- poor eating habits
- physical inactivity
- substance use
- lack of coping skill
socio-environmental perspective, important documents:
- declaration of Alma Ata (on primary health care)
- Epp report
- Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion
socio-environmental perspective, concept of health:
resource for daily living; includes connectedness with community but goes beyond individual to include quality of life/well-being of community
socio-environmental perspective, key actors:
policy makers, public health leaders
socio-environmental perspective, health determinant(s):
- social/environmental risk conditions; psychosocial risk factors
- SDOH
socio-environmental perspective, target:
high risk environment
socio-environmental perspective, strategies:
empowerment; Ottawa Charter
socio-environmental perspective, success criteria:
- strong social support networks
- community participation/action; improved social/environmental conditions
socio-environmental perspective, examples of main culprits:
- poverty
- unemployment
- environmental pollution
- structural injustice
- systematic inequality
population health perspective, important documents:
- DOH
- population health promotion model
population health perspective, concept of health:
if we foster health promotion by acting on the determinants of health, the population will be healthier
population health perspective, key actors:
- policy makers
- public health leaders
- RN and allied health
- social workers
population health perspective, health determinant(s):
SDOH (Health Canada)
population health perspective, target:
population
population health perspective, strategies:
Ottawa Charter, healthy public policy
population health perspective, success criteria:
- healthier population
- lower disease and disability rates
population health perspective, examples of main culprits:
- policies
- governments
- environments
- intersectionality
What are the 6 public health functions:
- health protection
- health promotion
- population health assessment
- health surveillance
- disease and injury prevention
- emergency preparedness and response
Describe primordial level of prevention
- measures that alter societal structures and thereby changing underlying determinants of health
- cause of the cause
Describe primary level of prevention
- activities that seek to prevent the occurrence (or at least reduce the risk) of a disease or an injury
- sometimes used synonymously with health promotion
- most common level of prevention
Describe secondary level of prevention
- activities that seek to detect a disease early in its progression, before clinical S&S become apparent, to make a diagnosis and begin tx
- commonly referred to as screening
Describe tertiary level of prevention
- activities take place once a disease or disability has become apparent or diagnosed
- the goal is to interrupt the course of the condition and reduce the amount of disability that might occur
what does ‘working upstream’ refer to?
- involves addressing the structural determinants of population health such as social status, income, racism, and exclusion
- changes are generally at the macro policy level: national and transnational
- about finishing the root causes, or causes of the causes
what does ‘working midstream’ refer to?
- Involves addressing intermediary determinants of health, or material circumstances affecting population such as housing conditions, employment and food security
- Generally occur at the regional, local, community or organizational policy level
- about changing the causes
what does ‘working downstream’ refer to?
- Involves meeting the immediate health needs of individuals or populations, especially those that are marginalized
- Generally occur at the service or access to service level
- About changing the effects of the causes
Identify actions that public health practitioners can take to contribute to an upstream shift (NCCDH, 2014):
- Challenging our assumptions
- Watch for and address ‘lifestyle drift’
- Engage with community partners who want to take action to reduce income in equality and poverty, unsafe working and living conditions, and systematic discrimination and racism
- Take your offer training and skills needed for working upstream
- Share and promote your upstream efforts and learning.
what are key features of public health nursing practice?
- Population focused
- Equity/social justice focused
- Community as client and context.
- Health and prevention focused
- Upstream focused
- Empowerment focussed
Define public health
An organized activity of society to promote, protect, improve, and when necessary, restore the health of individuals, specified groups, or the entire population
What does public health involve
programs, services, and institutions aimed at protecting and improving the health of all people
Define health promotion
The process of enabling individuals and communities to increase control over improve their health
Health promotion focus
focusses on achieving equity in health by providing equal opportunities and resources to enable people to achieve their optimal health potential
what are the 5 principles of primary health care?
- accessibility
- community participation in decision making
- emphasis on health promotion and primary prevention
- Use of appropriate technology
- intersectoral collaboration for health and social development
What are the 4 underlying population health assumptions
- health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease
- health promotion includes, but is more than, disease prevention
- health promotion requires upstream thinking
- health promotion is based on strong values
