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NURS 4540 > Class 1 > Flashcards

Class 1 Flashcards

1
Q

define population health

A

An approach to health that aims to improve the health of the entire population and to reduce health inequities among population groups - it acts upon the broad range of factors and conditions that have a strong influence on our health

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2
Q

population health is operationalized at which levels?

A
  • societal (national, provincial/territorial, regional)
  • structure or systems (education, justice, or health system)
  • community (city, town, neighborhood)
  • groups and aggregates (the homeless, single parents, newcomers)
  • family and individual
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3
Q

What are the six core themes of population health approach? (Cohen et al, 2014)

A
  1. Focus on health and wellness and prevention rather than on illness
  2. Taking a population rather than an individual orientation
  3. Understanding needs and solutions through community outreach
  4. Addressing equity, health disparities, and health in vulnerable groups
  5. Addressing the social and multiple determinants of health
  6. Embracing intersectoral action and partnerships
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4
Q

Perspectives on Health

A
  • biomedical
  • behavioural/lifestyle
  • socio-environmental
  • population health
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5
Q

biomedical perspective, concept of health:

A

absence of disease

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6
Q

biomedical perspective, key actors:

A

physicians, specialists, patients

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7
Q

biomedical perspective, health determinant(s):

A

physiological risk factors

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8
Q

biomedical perspective, target:

A

high risk individuals

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9
Q

biomedical perspective, example of strategies:

A
  • screening
  • education
  • therapy
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10
Q

biomedical perspective, success criteria:

A

decrease morbidity, mortality

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11
Q

biomedical perspective, examples of main culprits

A
  • cancer
  • cardiovascular disease
  • obesity
  • accidents
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12
Q

behavioural/lifestyle perspective, important documents

A
  • Lalonde Report
  • Health Directorate of Canada (federal department health promotion)
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13
Q

behavioural/lifestyle perspective, concept of health:

A

physical and emotional well-being

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14
Q

behavioural/lifestyle perspective, key actors

A

individuals, communities

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15
Q

behavioural/lifestyle perspective, health determinant(s):

A
  • behavioural
  • lifestyle risk factors: biology, environment, health care
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16
Q

behavioural/lifestyle perspective, target:

A

high risk individuals/groups

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17
Q

behavioural/lifestyle perspective, strategies:

A
  • education
  • marketing
  • regulations
  • policies
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18
Q

behavioural/lifestyle perspective, success criteria:

A
  • improved lifestyle
  • decrease unhealthy behaviours
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19
Q

behavioural/lifestyle perspective, examples of main culprits:

A
  • smoking
  • poor eating habits
  • physical inactivity
  • substance use
  • lack of coping skill
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20
Q

socio-environmental perspective, important documents:

A
  • declaration of Alma Ata (on primary health care)
  • Epp report
  • Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion
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21
Q

socio-environmental perspective, concept of health:

A

resource for daily living; includes connectedness with community but goes beyond individual to include quality of life/well-being of community

22
Q

socio-environmental perspective, key actors:

A

policy makers, public health leaders

23
Q

socio-environmental perspective, health determinant(s):

A
  • social/environmental risk conditions; psychosocial risk factors
  • SDOH
24
Q

socio-environmental perspective, target:

A

high risk environment

25
Q

socio-environmental perspective, strategies:

A

empowerment; Ottawa Charter

26
Q

socio-environmental perspective, success criteria:

A
  • strong social support networks
  • community participation/action; improved social/environmental conditions
27
Q

socio-environmental perspective, examples of main culprits:

A
  • poverty
  • unemployment
  • environmental pollution
  • structural injustice
  • systematic inequality
28
Q

population health perspective, important documents:

A
  • DOH
  • population health promotion model
29
Q

population health perspective, concept of health:

A

if we foster health promotion by acting on the determinants of health, the population will be healthier

30
Q

population health perspective, key actors:

A
  • policy makers
  • public health leaders
  • RN and allied health
  • social workers
31
Q

population health perspective, health determinant(s):

A

SDOH (Health Canada)

32
Q

population health perspective, target:

A

population

33
Q

population health perspective, strategies:

A

Ottawa Charter, healthy public policy

34
Q

population health perspective, success criteria:

A
  • healthier population
  • lower disease and disability rates
35
Q

population health perspective, examples of main culprits:

A
  • policies
  • governments
  • environments
  • intersectionality
36
Q

What are the 6 public health functions:

A
  • health protection
  • health promotion
  • population health assessment
  • health surveillance
  • disease and injury prevention
  • emergency preparedness and response
37
Q

Describe primordial level of prevention

A
  • measures that alter societal structures and thereby changing underlying determinants of health
  • cause of the cause
38
Q

Describe primary level of prevention

A
  • activities that seek to prevent the occurrence (or at least reduce the risk) of a disease or an injury
  • sometimes used synonymously with health promotion
  • most common level of prevention
39
Q

Describe secondary level of prevention

A
  • activities that seek to detect a disease early in its progression, before clinical S&S become apparent, to make a diagnosis and begin tx
  • commonly referred to as screening
40
Q

Describe tertiary level of prevention

A
  • activities take place once a disease or disability has become apparent or diagnosed
  • the goal is to interrupt the course of the condition and reduce the amount of disability that might occur
41
Q

what does ‘working upstream’ refer to?

A
  • involves addressing the structural determinants of population health such as social status, income, racism, and exclusion
  • changes are generally at the macro policy level: national and transnational
  • about finishing the root causes, or causes of the causes
42
Q

what does ‘working midstream’ refer to?

A
  • Involves addressing intermediary determinants of health, or material circumstances affecting population such as housing conditions, employment and food security
  • Generally occur at the regional, local, community or organizational policy level
  • about changing the causes
43
Q

what does ‘working downstream’ refer to?

A
  • Involves meeting the immediate health needs of individuals or populations, especially those that are marginalized
  • Generally occur at the service or access to service level
  • About changing the effects of the causes
44
Q

Identify actions that public health practitioners can take to contribute to an upstream shift (NCCDH, 2014):

A
  • Challenging our assumptions
  • Watch for and address ‘lifestyle drift’
  • Engage with community partners who want to take action to reduce income in equality and poverty, unsafe working and living conditions, and systematic discrimination and racism
  • Take your offer training and skills needed for working upstream
  • Share and promote your upstream efforts and learning.
45
Q

what are key features of public health nursing practice?

A
  • Population focused
  • Equity/social justice focused
  • Community as client and context.
  • Health and prevention focused
  • Upstream focused
  • Empowerment focussed
46
Q

Define public health

A

An organized activity of society to promote, protect, improve, and when necessary, restore the health of individuals, specified groups, or the entire population

47
Q

What does public health involve

A

programs, services, and institutions aimed at protecting and improving the health of all people

48
Q

Define health promotion

A

The process of enabling individuals and communities to increase control over improve their health

49
Q

Health promotion focus

A

focusses on achieving equity in health by providing equal opportunities and resources to enable people to achieve their optimal health potential

50
Q

what are the 5 principles of primary health care?

A
  • accessibility
  • community participation in decision making
  • emphasis on health promotion and primary prevention
  • Use of appropriate technology
  • intersectoral collaboration for health and social development
51
Q

What are the 4 underlying population health assumptions

A
  • health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease
  • health promotion includes, but is more than, disease prevention
  • health promotion requires upstream thinking
  • health promotion is based on strong values

NURS 4540 (12 decks)

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