Class 11 - global, environmental health Flashcards
What are the historical origins of the different levels of global health
- colonial medicine
- missionary medicine
- military medicine
- tropical medicine
- international health
- global health
What is global health 1.0
- tropical medicine
- primarily concerned with keeping white men alive in the tropics
What is global health 2.0
- international health
- people in rich countries doing something to help people in poor countries
What is global health 3.0
Doing it FOR ppl, rather than WITH ppl
- the main manifestation of global health
- researchers from rich countries leading research programmes in poor countries
What is global health 4.0
- increasing the present and certainly the future
- research and other activities being led by researchers from low and middle income countries
What is the history of global health
flows of goods, services, and strategies along well-trod, north-south pathways
Differences between ‘global north’ and ‘global south’
Global North (USA, UK): assumed predominantly wealthy
- Global South (India, Africa): assumed not so wealthy
Where does funding come from in global health?
high income countries: US drives a lot of funding; why they are running the agenda
Where is most of the global health funding being distributed to?
HIV/ AIDS (works in favour of ‘rich’ countries)
Where is least of the global health funding being distributed to?
TB (seen in less wealthy countries)
Define global health
area of study, research, and practice that places a priority on improving health and achieving equity in health for all people worldwide
Life on 4 income levels: level 1
- 1 billion people
- made up ppl who earn less than $2/day & live in extreme poverty
- in survival mode their entire life
Life on 4 income levels: level 2
- 3 billion people
- made up of ppl who earn between $2-8/day
- almost half the world’s population live at this income
*any additional costs will add to financial stress
Life on 4 income levels: level 3
- 2 billion people
- made up of ppl who earn between $8-32/day
Life on 4 income levels: level 4
- 1 billion people
- made up of people who earn more than $32/day
*better opportunities
What are the UN sustainable development goals?
- 17 goals to transform our world
- a call for action in call countries; blue print for peace & prosperity of world
What are the two sides of ‘the coin’ concept
privilege & oppression allyship
Coin, describe privilege
- have benefit others don’t
- didn’t earn it
- have it because of who you happen to be
Coin, describe oppression
- have a disadvantage other don’t
- didn’t earn it
- have it because of who you happen to be
Coin, example of privilege
- upper/mid class
- white
- settler
- able-bodied
- straight
- cis
- male
Coin, example of oppression
- not male/female
- trans
- not straight/LGTBQIA2S
- disabled
- Indigenous
- not white/racialize
- lower class
Can people be on the privilege side of the some coins, and the oppression side of other coins at the same time?
YES! intersectionality
What is allyship
an active consistent, and arduous practice of unlearning and re-evaluating in which a person of privilege seeks to operate in solidarity with a marginalized group of people
What are ways to always keep a critical perspective on global health?
- don’t engage voluntourism
- learn about colonial hx before doing global health
- pre-departure training programs
- tap into local expertise
What are involved in environmental frameworks (ecological DOH)
- Indigenous perspectives on health and the environment
- intersectional ecological-feminist approaches
- planetary health approaches
EDOH level of prevention, example of primordial prevention
- legislation that protects green spaces
- legislation that restricts pollution
EDOH level of prevention, example of primary prevention
helping new parents make better environmentally sound choices
EDOH level of prevention, example of secondary prevention
preventing harm to natural environment when an new subdivision is proposed
EDOH level of prevention, example of tertiary prevention
environmental health clinics to help patients and community with health issues r/t environment
EDOH level of prevention, example of quaternary prevention
pharmaceutical components in freshwater and saltwater (esp. estrogen, abx, and chemotherapy drugs)
What are ways in improving EDOH
- prevent outbreaks of zoonotic diseases
- improve food safety and security
- reduce anti-microbial-resistant infections and improve human/animal health
- protect global health security
- protect biodiversity and conservation
What is the nursing call to action to help support the health of migrants and refugees
- clinical care: call to address health needs (disease exacerbated by poverty, mental health, and NCDS)
- advocacy: call for policies to improve healthcare
- equity: call to address the SDOH
- justice: call for innovation approaches to migrant health
What is a disaster
- usually occur suddenly
- long term effects
What are causes of disasters
- nature
- human error
- biohazard
- infectious disease
What are examples of groups at risk of experiencing the effects of a disaster
- women
- children
- older adults
- poor
- people with disabilites
What is a defining feature of a disaster
the event exceeds the capacity of the community to respond
What are the types of disasters
- natural
- human made
- epidemics
examples of natural disasters
- droughts
- heat waves
- ice storms
- heavy snowfall
- earthquakes
- tornadoes
- floods
- tsunamis
- wildfires
examples of human made disasters
- bioterrorism
- bombing
- nuclear disasters
- oil spills
- 9/11
- plane crash
What are the stages of emergency management
- prevention
- mitigation
- preparedness
- response
- recovery
Emergency management, describe prevention
involves activities taken to prevent or avoid an emergency or disaster, before the emergency
Emergency management, describe mitigation
involves actions that can reduce the impact of a disaster on the community
Emergency management, describe preparedness
maximize efficiency of response through planning and preparation
Emergency management, describe response
address immediate effects; focus on operations and mobilization of providers, coordination of services
Emergency management, describe recovery
return to normal, the longest phase, restoration
What is emergency management
an essential discipline involving a diverse group of professionals, with responsibility of the govy, to assess ad deal with risk in an effort to protect health and safety of public
What is the Hazard ID Risk Assessment (HIRA)
- tool used to prepare for the worst and most likely risks specific to communities
- helps prioritize threats based on risk of probability and impact
What are the legislation acts regarding emergencies and preparedness?
- The Emergencies Act
- The Emergency Preparedness Act
- The Emergency Management Act
What is the Emergencies Act
- federal; grants special powers
- 4 categories of national emergency
What are the 4 categories within the Emergencies Act
- public welfare emergency natural disaster/accidents)
- public order emergencies (national security threat)
- international emergencies (coercion/intimidation/force/violence)
- a state of war
What is the Emergency Preparedness Act
basis for planning necessary to address all disasters
What is the Emergency Management Act
strengthens govy’s readiness to respond by defining roles and responsibility for all fed minsters
What is a surge capacity
increased capacity available during mass casualty situations and disasters
What is medical triage
the prioritization of patient care (or victims during a disaster) based on illness/injury, severity, prognosis, and resource availability
What is the precautionary principle
enables decision-makers to adopt precautionary measures when scientific evidence about a health hazard is uncertain and stakes are high
