Class 8: musculoskeletal system Flashcards
arthrocentesis
procedure in which an incision or puncture is made in a joint capsule, usually to obtain samples of synovial fluid from within the joint cavity for a synovial fluid analysis
arthritis
a type of rheumatic disease involving inflammation of a joint or joints
arthroscopy
procedure where small fibre optic tube called an arthroscope is inserted into a joint and use to directly examine or to operate on the interior of the joint cavity
atrophy
decrease in size of tissue or organ caused by a reduction in the number or size of individual cells, characterized by decreased circumference and flabby appearance, leading to decreased function and tone
bursitis
inflammation of the bursa
bursae
fluid filled sac that functions as a gliding surface to reduce friction between tissues of the body
crepitation
crackling sound or grating sensation as a result of friction between bones, broken bone, or cartilage bits in joints
contracture
abnormal, usually permanent condition of a muscle or joint, usually results in the shortening of the muscle
dislocation
severe injury of the ligamentous structures that surround a joint, resulting in the complete displacement of the bone from its normal position
fracture
a disruption or break in the continuity of the structure of the bone
osteoarthritis
a slowly progressive, non-inflammatory disorder of the synovial joints, the most common form of joint disease in north america
repetitive strain injury
injury resulting from prolonged force or repetitive movements and awkward postures
sprain
an injury related to the ligamentous structures surrounding a joint, usually caused by a wrenching/twisting motion
strain
an excessive stretching of a muscle, a muscles fascial sheath, or a tendon; most occur in the foot, hamstring (leg) or back
treatment for strains and sprains
RICE rest ice (20-30 mins) compression elevate not directly on skin, in cycles, proximal to distal wrap acute phase: give pain assessment
subjective assessment of musculoskeletal system
- pain on movement “tell me about your movement”
- past health hx
- surgeries/treatment
- medications
- any weaknesses?
objective assessment of musculoskeletal system
- inspect head
- palpate
- auscultate (least used)
- range of motion (active, passive)
- muscle strength testing
- measurement
- reflexes
palpating musculoskeletal system
- looking for edema
- tenderness
- skin temp
- crepitation
common symptoms of injury
joint crepitation, loss of movement, pain
computed tomography (CT)
identifies tissue abnormalities, bony abnormalities, musculoskeletal trauma
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
viewing of soft tissue
xray
determines density and structure of bone
arthrography
air is injected into the joint cavity to create visualization of joint structures
discogram
radiography of cervical or lumbar intervertebral disc
bone mineral density
see how much of the X-ray goes through bone
radioisotope studies
xray from inside out, injected in vein
electromyogram
electronic sensors to stimulated muscles ( to monitor activity)
duplex venous doppler
blood circulation in veins and arteries in the leg
arthrocentesis
needle inserted into joint cavity to check for inflammation or infection
erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
measures how quick RBC settle at the bottom of a test tube separating from unclotted blood
C reactive protein
protein made by the liver, measures the amount of CRP in the blood to detect inflammation
clinical manifestations of sprains and strains
pain, edema, decreased function, bruising
avulsion fracture
ligament pulls lose a fragment of bone
treatment for strains and sprains
surgery, physiotherapy
prevention of strains and sprains
always stretch prior to exercise. brace prior injurys
subluxation
partial dislocation of a joint
carpal tunnel syndrome
weakness in hands, immobilize with hand splint, a condition caused by the compression of the median nerve, located in the wrist
rotator cuff injury
injury to shoulder
meniscus injury
knee sprains, can lead to surgery
osteoarthritis
rubbing of bones causing pain
- involves only joints
- localized
- morning stiffness last 30 min or less
- asymmetrical
- bony enlargement of joints
- treatment involves managing symptoms, no cure
etiology and pathophysiology of osteoarthritis
slowly progressive non-inflammatory disorder of the synovial joint
risk factors of OA
- gender (women are more susceptible)
- genetic factors
- mechanical stress
- inflammation
- skeletal deformities
- some medications
- obesity
- trauma
- joint instability
- neurological disorders
- hematological or endocrine disorders
clinical manifestations of OA
- joint pain and stiffness
- increasing disability and loss of joint function
- crepitation
- bow legged gait
- asymmetrical impact
- deformity and instability
- most common fingers, thumbs, weight bearing joints
rheumatoid arthritis
never really goes away
- chronic systemic autoimmune disease
- inflammation of connective tissue in synovial joints
- periods of remissions and exacerbations
- systemic disease
- morning stiffness for an hour or more
- symmetrical
- swollen joints
- drug treatment used, no cure
risk factors of RA
autoimmune disease
- cause unknown
- gender (females 2 times more likely to to get it)
- age (25-50)
- genetics
- smoking
clinical manifestations of RA
- insidious onset
- fatigue, anorexia, weight loss, fever, generalized stiffness
- localized stiffness, pain, limitation of motion, inflammatory
- symmetrical joint involvement
- joint deformity
NSAIDS
physical comfort non steroidal anti-inflammatory
DMARD
disease modifying anti rheumatic drugs
