Class 5: Diagnostics studies and lab tests Flashcards
chest xray
xray of chest, looks at bones in chest, organs, tissues or diseases of airways, blood vessels, bones, heart and lungs
MRA
magnetic field and pulses of radio waves energy to provide pictures of blood vessels inside the body
ECG
electrical activity of the heart, monitors the regularity of electrical impulse. does not reflect muscular work of the heart
biopsy
taking an amount of cells to look at it under a microscope
MRI
magnetic resonance imaging, non-invasive exam uses magnetic and radio waves to produce picture of the inside of the body
hematology
the study of blood in health and disease
serology
blood tests that look for antibodies
CBC
blood test that looks for wbc count, white blood differential, RBC count, hematocrit (HCT), hemoglobin (Hgb), red blood cell indices, platelet count
leukopenia
abnormal decrease in the total white blood cell count
leukocytosis
increase of white blood cells as a result of an infection
WBC differential
evaluates capacity to resist and overcome infection
neutrophils
bacterial infections
eosinophils
allergic disorders and parasitic infection
basophils
parasitic infections, some allergic disorders
lymphocytes
viral infections
monocytes
severe infections
RBC count
rbc carry oxygen and CO2
anemia
reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes, decreased hemoglobin content or abnormal hemoglobin
polycythemia
abnormal excess of erythrocyte
hematocrit (Hct) or packed cell volume (PCV)
- measures the amount of space RBC take up in the blood by separating plasma and blood cells
- results expressed as 1% of RBC in a volume of blood
hemoglobin (Hgb)
consists of a protein (globin) and an iron (heme)
-O2 carrying capacity of blood depends on hemoglobin level rather than RBC count
means corpuscular volume (MCV)
- measure the average size of RBC
- macrocytic, or normocytic
- helps to differentiate between types of anemia
mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH)
the amount of hemoglobin in an average RBC
red cell distribution width (RDW)
shows how much variability there is in RBC size and shape
platelet (thrombocyte) count
measures the number of platelets in each mm3 of blood
thrombocytopenia
low platelet count
thrombocytosis
elevated platelet count
prothrombin time (PT)
measures how long it takes blood to clot
INR (international normalized ratio)
for warfarin, standardized results of PT test, no matter testing method
-PT and INR used to make decisions for Coumadin dosing
PTT (partial thromboplastin time)
used to evaluate the response to heparin
fasting blood glucose
diagnosis and monitoring of diabetes mellitus
calcium and phosphorus
tests used to evaluate calcium physiology
sodium and potassium
electrolyte balance tests. important in people with kidney disease and in people taking diuretics
total protein and albumin
provide information about liver function, kidney disease, infection, nutrition, and certain disorders of the antibody producing cells
liver function tests
- bilirubin
- alkaline phosphate
- aspartate amino transferase
- gamma glutamyl transpeptidase
BUN (blood urea nitrogen)
- used as an index of glomerular function
- rises in dehydration and acute and chronic renal failure, lowers fluid overload and liver disease
creatinine
- normal by product of muscle metabolism, excreted by kidneys at fairly constant level.
- provides a more sensitive indicator of renal function than BUN
- increase indicates disorder of kidney function.
hemoglobin a1c
checks amount of glucose bound to hemoglobin in RBC cells
- used to diagnose prediabetes or diabetes
- checks long term control of blood glucose levels in people with diabetes
HDL high density lipoprotein
good cholesterol
LDL low density lipoprotein
bad cholesterol
microbiology
- used to determine what is causing an infection and how best to treat it
- testing employs swabs, blood, urine and faces
- keep inside of containers sterile
- document that the sample was taken
R&M routine and microscopic urinalysis
includes colour, clarity, odour, specific gravity, pH, protein, glucose, ketones, red or white blood cells, casts, crystals, bacteria
C&S culture and sensitivity urinalysis
detect and identify organisms growing in the urine and detect which antibiotics the bacteria is sensitive or resistant to
Urine specimens
preferably the first voiding of the day
-instruct client to cleanse area around genitals
mid stream urine
have patient void small amount of urine before beginning to collect sample
stool ova and parasites
determines the presence of a parasite infection of the intestine
fecal occult blood
- detects the presence of blood in the stool
- used routinely to test for colorectal cancer
- specifically prepared card is used to certain sample
sputum sample specimens
- collect in the morning
- have patient cough deeply
- instruct them to expectorate directly into the sterile container
wound specimen sample
- cleanse wound
- swab surface (granulation tissue)
magnesium test
measures the level of magnesium in blood (or sometimes urine)
