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116 - Variations in Health > Class 4: Gastrointestinal & Genitourinary Systems > Flashcards

Class 4: Gastrointestinal & Genitourinary Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Diarrhea

A

increase in frequency, volume, and fluid content of a stool. A symptom; not a disease. water content of feces is increased, usually due to either malabsorption or water secretion in the bowel.

  • may be acute or chronic
  • may be a cause of incontinence
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2
Q

oliguria

A

a urine output of less than 400 mL in 24 hours (adults).

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3
Q

cystitis

A

an inflammatory condition of the urinary bladder, characterized by pain, urgency and frequency of urination, and hematuria

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4
Q

urgency

A

sudden urge to urinate

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5
Q

frequency

A

urinating often

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6
Q

incontinence

A

the involuntary passage of a stool

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7
Q

urinary incontinence

A

an uncontrolled loss of urine that is of sufficient magnitude to be a problem

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8
Q

flatus

A

gas in the intestinal tract or gases passed through the anus

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9
Q

peristalsis

A

waves of involuntary contraction passing along the walls of the intestines and forcing content onwards

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10
Q

anuria

A

non-passage of urine, less than 100 mL per day

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11
Q

hematuria

A

blood in the urine that may or may not be accompanied by pain. But it is always abnormal and should be investigated

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12
Q

micturition

A

urination

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13
Q

what are two types of movement in the GI tract?

A

segmentation and peristalsis

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14
Q

What are 5 primary functions of GI system?

A

ingestion (and propulsion), secretion (of enzymes, mucous and water), digestion, absorption (nutrients, water), elimination

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15
Q

what controls the GI tract?

A

the autonomic nervous system

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16
Q

venous blood draining from the GI tract empties into the….

A

portal vein which then goes to the liver

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17
Q

age related changes on the GI system

A
  • increased periodontal disease and tooth loss (inability to chew)
  • slowing of peristalsis (bloating, heartburn)
  • tongue and taste bud atrophy
  • alterations in secretion: saliva, gastric secretions, pancreatic enzymes. problems with digestion
  • delayed gastric emptying
  • alterations in cardiovascular and neurological systems can affect GI function
  • new surgical wound, you need softer bowels
  • decreased muscle tone to perineal floor and anal sphincter
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18
Q

common GI diagnostics

A
  • radiological studies
  • abdominal ultrasonography
  • endoscopy (colonoscopy, capsule endoscopy)
  • magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
  • fecal analysis: occult blood, parasites, fat content, mucus, pus
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19
Q

factors that influence elimination

A
  • hydration
  • nutrition
  • physical activity
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20
Q

what are some causes of diarrhea?

A

stress, medications, allergies, intolerance of food or fluids, disease of colon

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21
Q

what are some effects of diarrhea?

A

increased motility

  • inflammation and infection of mucosa
  • incomplete digestion of food
  • reduced absorption of fluids
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22
Q

how can you manage diarrhea?

A

increase fluids, may need an IV, bland diet, avoid hot and cold fluids, no alcohol or caffeine.

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23
Q

bowel incontinence

A

loss of voluntary ability to control fecal and gaseous discharges. generally associated with impaired functioning of anal sphincter or nerve supply

24
Q

possible causes of bowel incontinence

A

-neurological
spinal cord injury or disease
head injury, stroke or brain tumour

  • diarrhea
  • tumours
25
Q

what are goals for bowel incontinence?

A

maintain or restore normal bowel elimination pattern

  • maintain or regain normal stool consistency
  • prevent associated risks such as fluid and electrolyte imbalance, skin breakdown, abdominal distention and pain
26
Q

constipation

A

decreased frequency of defection

- may be a primary problem or a manifestation of another disease or condition

27
Q

fecal impaction

A

mass or collection of hardened feces in folds of rectum.

-recognized by passage of liquid fecal seepage and no normal stool

28
Q

causes of fecal impaction

A

usually poor defecation habits and constipation

29
Q

fecal impaction treatment

A

soften stool, possible manual disimpaction

30
Q

what will you include in a focused Gastrointestinal Assessment?

A
  • weight loss/gain
  • nausea
  • appetite
  • heartburn
  • blood in stool
  • how they are feeling
  • problems swallowing
  • hemmoroids
  • changes in bowels
  • past current health history
  • medications
  • inspection
  • auscultation ( listening to internal sounds )
  • palpitation (light to deep, feel the person)
  • diagnostics
31
Q

what are the 5 functions of kidneys

A

removal/excretion, fluid/electrolyte balance, regulate BP, regulation of RBC production

32
Q

what is erythropoietin

A

the regulation of RBC production

33
Q

what are the working units of the kidneys

A

the nephrons

34
Q

what are two features that permit the distension capability of the bladder

A

rugae and elasticity of the bladder

35
Q

detrusor

A

smooth muscle in the wall of bladder

36
Q

age related changes to the Genitourinary system

A
  • bladder muscles weaken, capacity decreases, emptying is more difficult.
37
Q

diagnostics of the GU system

A
  • take a urinalysis, C&S (colour, smell, pH, is it growing anything?)
  • serum creatine: increased levels indicate kidney disfunction
  • BUN: above normal levels indicate kidney dysfunction (increases dehydration)
  • Utric Acid
  • IVP, endoscopy, ultrasound, biopsy
38
Q

factors the influence urinary elimination

A
  • similar to GI elimination
  • diseases
  • muscle tone
  • medication
  • developmental factors
  • psychological factors
  • fluid and food intake
  • pathological conditions
  • surgical and diagnostic procedures
39
Q

urinary incontinence

A

uncontrolled loss of urine of sufficient amount to be a problem

40
Q

common causes of urinary incontinence

A

UTI’s, urethritis, pregnancy, hypercalcemia, fluid overload, delirium

41
Q

stress urinary incontinence

A

a sneeze pushing on the bladder

42
Q

urge urinary incontinence

A

the feeling that you have to go but only a few seconds or minutes before

43
Q

overflow urinary incontinence

A

too much in bladder can’t palpate it

44
Q

relax urinary incontinence

A

no warning or stress, frequent and involuntary urinate. common in MS patients

45
Q

functional urinary incontinence

A

in ability to get to the toilet in time without assistance

46
Q

total urinary incontinence

A

continuous and total loss of urinary control

47
Q

urinary retention

A

when they emptying of the bladder is impaired and urine accumulates.

  • bladder becomes over-distended and loses contractility
  • clients may experience overflow voiding or incontinence
48
Q

causes of urinary retention

A

bladder outlet obstruction or deficient detrusor contraction strength

49
Q

neurogenic bladder

A

impaired neurological function can interfere with the normal mechanisms of urine elimination.

  • client unable to recognize/perceive when bladder is full and is unable to control urinary sphincters
  • bladder becomes flaccid and distended or spastic
50
Q

UTI’s

A
  • 50x more prevalent in women then men
  • most common type of health care associated infection found in long term care facilities
  • most UTI’s caused by bacteria common to the intestinal environment
51
Q

causes and risk factors of UTI’s

A

improper cleaning, long term retention, diet, STI driven

52
Q

signs and symptoms of a UTI

A

burning/itching sensation, fever, odour, cloud, behaviour changes, urinary habit changes

53
Q

assessment/diagnosis of UTI’s

A

get them to pee, look at urine, ask questions

54
Q

management of UTI’s

A

diet, hydration, mobility, exercise.

55
Q

prevention of UTI’s

A

practice frequent voiding, avoid harsh soaps, tight clothing, wear cotton underwear rather than nylon, wipe front to back, shower rather than bath

56
Q

focused GU assessment

A 
risk factors: age, reoccurrence, spinal cord injury
pain: where is it?
medical history 
medications
CVAT
bladder palpation
hydration status
bladder distension
edema
urinalysis 
normal voiding patterns
women: cough + valsalva manoeuvre (to assess urine leakage)

116 - Variations in Health (11 decks)

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