Class 2 - Immune System Flashcards
Cells that are responsible for what is called cell-mediated, or cellular immunity.
T-cells
Cells that work via cell-to-cell contact or by secreting messenger compounds that communicate with immune system cells.
T-cells
What type of cells will carry out the following:
- Attract cells
- Prevent cells from leaving the area
- Amplify the effectiveness of cells
- Increase or decrease cell reactions
- Activate and regulate B-cells
- Signal natural killer cells
- Increase local blood flow to facilitate immune cell movement
- Determine if humoral or cellular immunity is needed
T-cells
T-cells are responsible for:
- Activating ____ cells and IgE’s in allergen responses
- Involved in rejection of foreign tissue grafts
- Control intracellular ( _____ ) infections
- Kill tumor cells
Mast
Viral
______ are involved in differentiating between self vs. non-self recognition and reaction.
T-cells
The key regulatory cells of the immune system that carry out up regulation. They release various T-messenger compounds that activate and regulate the activities of the other cell types. They activate B and T cells correctly depending on the type of immune challenge.
T-Helper Cells (CD-4 Cells)
These cells suppress/modify immune responses by carrying out down regulation. They decrease immune cell production and they control the mechanism to help ensure the response matches the situation, and that healthy self-cells are not killed.
Regulatory T-Cells (Tregs)
These cells destroy identified/presented antigens and they kill virus-infected cells by various means (lytic enzymes, cytotoxins, perforins, interferon). They are involved in attacking cellular problems that antibodies cannot influence.
T-Cytotoxic Cells (CD-8 Cells)
In order for T-cells to recognize and respond to an _______, it must be presented by another cell or antibody.
Antigen
A group of genes on chromosome 6 that determine tissue and blood compatibility.
Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)
In humans, MHC are often called _________________. They are genetically determined self-markers.
Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA)
What are the 2 classes of HLA?
1) Class I (on all cell surfaces)
2) Class II (on immune system cells)
____ are key factors in determining self from non-self. However, they can also identify self-targets (cancerous cells). They lead to T-cells attacking or ignoring an antigen.
Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA)
What are the 4 ways in which immunity is acquired?
1) Active Natural Immunity
2) Active Artificial Immunity
3) Passive Immunity
4) Passive Artificial Immunity
A type of immunity that develops through direct exposure to an antigen and the innate response. The immune system develops antibodies.
Active Natural Immunity
A type of immunity that develops when the body is purposefully introduced to an antigen and subsequently reacts by developing antibodies.
Active Artificial Immunity
A type of immunity that is passed from a mother to fetus to protect the infant during the first few months of life as they develop their own immune system.
Passive Immunity
A type of immunity when antibodies are injected from one system to another and is used to help fight a current infection if the individual has not been immunized against the specific organism.
Passive Artificial Immunity
Getting COVID and developing immunity is an example of which type of immunity?
Active Natural Immunity
Receiving a flu shot or vaccine is an example of which type of immunity?
Active Artificial Immunity
IgG crossing the placenta or IgA passed on in breast milk are examples of which type of immunity?
Passive Immunity
Receiving a rabies anti-serum or snake anti-venom are examples of which type of immunity?
Passive Artificial Immunity
The ability to distinguish between self and non-self antigens.
Immunologic Self-Tolerance
In a healthy individual, mechanisms are put in place to eliminate T-cells or B-cells that fail to differentiate between the 2 antigens. When these mechanisms fail, _________ disorders arise.
Autoimmune
The mounting of an immune response against the body’s own tissues.
Auto-Immunity
____________ happens for various reasons:
- The attacked body tissue may have similar characteristics to a microbe the immune system has just battled
- Some HLA inheritance corresponds to activation of autoimmune disease
- Sometimes there is an over response of immune activities
- Sometimes there is a reduced T-cell suppressor response
Auto-Immunity
Auto-immunity tends to involve the production of ____________.
Auto-Antibodies
A condition that involves an immune system attack on synovial membranes of joints, eventually leading to bone erosion and joint deformities.
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
In ______________, there is an autoimmune response to self-IgG and the resulting body is called _________ factor.
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) Rheumatoid
A condition in which auto-antibodies create an immune attack on self-myelin in the CNS’s neurons.
Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
Which neuroglial cells are attacked in someone with Multiple Sclerosis?
Oligodendrocytes
A condition in which acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction are destroyed by immune cells after having been bonded by auto-antibodies.
Myasthenia Gravis
Auto-antibodies bind with self molecules to create ______ complexes.
Immune
Name 2 conditions where immune complexes travel in the bloodstream to target tissues and subject them to intense tissue destruction from the immune system responses and their sequelae.
1) Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
2) Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
Since some self cells are identified and presented for destruction, ____________ is possible. This has been found to occur in reactions to _____ and viruses that appear to have altered cellular markers in the affected person’s body.
Misidentification
Drugs
Auto-immunity can have elements of ____________ reactions. Immune complexes attract inflammatory and ________ reactions where the tissue damage is the result of intense responses related to complement activation and ______ cell activity.
Hypersensitivity
Cytotoxic
Killer
T/F - Autoimmune diseases are typically more common in biological females than males based on a hormonal component.
True
Treatment of autoimmune diseases tends to involve the use of __________ and immunosuppressive drugs.
Corticosteroids
Excessive or inappropriate activation of the immune system to exogenous and endogenous antigens that produce inflammation and cause tissue damage.
Hypersensitivity Disorders
What are the 4 categories of hypersensitivity responses?
1) Type I (Immediate Hypersensitivity)
2) Type II (Antibody Mediated/Cytotoxic Hypersensitivity)
3) Type III (Immune Complex Mediated Hypersensitivity)
4) Type IV (Delayed/Cell Mediated Hypersensitivity)
A type of hypersensitivity response mediated by IgE, which leads to the release of inflammatory mediators from sensitized mast cells. The reaction takes place with the second and subsequent exposures to the antigen, not with the initial exposure.
Type I (Immediate Hypersensitivity)
A type of hypersensitivity response that begins rapidly, often within minutes of an antigen challenge. Often referred to as allergic reactions and the antigen in this case would be referred to as an allergen.
Type I (Immediate Hypersensitivity)
______ responses vary in severity:
- Mild, but annoying (ex. seasonal allergies)
- Severely debilitating (ex. asthma)
- Life threatening (ex. anaphylaxis)
Type I (Immediate Hypersensitivity)
What are the 2 reactions that Type I (Immediate Hypersensitivity) responses can be based upon site of involvement?
1) Local/Atopic Reactions
2) Systemic/Anaphylactic Reactions
A common condition characterized by edema and hypersecretion of mucosal lining of the nasopharyngeal cavities by allergens like pollen.
Allergic Rhinitis
A common condition that may be aggravated by high humidity, irritating vapours, and upper respiratory tract infections. It can last for days to weeks and can lead to complications like sinusitis or nasal polyps.
Allergic Rhinitis
A lung disorder characterized by bronchoconstriction, edema, and increased secretion of thick mucus in the bronchi. Leads to constriction of airways.
Asthma
Local wheals and erythema in the upper dermis associated with pruritis (itchiness). Develops rapidly after exposure to an allergen, which can be ingested or introduced through the skin.
Urticaria (hives)
Generalized edema of skin, face, tongue, pharynx, and/or mucosa and allergens are similar to urticaria. The swelling is similar to hives, but takes place deeper in the dermis.
Angioedema (Quincke’s Edema, Angioneurotic Edema)
An allergic reaction in the GI tract that begins shortly after food ingestion. Symptoms are primarily seen in the GI tract, skin, and respiratory system. Anaphylaxis can occur and a common allergen is shellfish.
Gastrointestinal Food Allergies
The following are examples of ____________ reactions:
- Allergic rhinitis
- Asthma
- Urticaria (hives)
- Angioedema (Quincke’s Edema, angioneurotic edema)
- Gastrointestinal food allergies
Local/Atopic
A systemic life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction caused by smooth muscle contraction and vascular dilation as a reaction is released to mediators.
Anaphylaxis
An acute generalized reaction characterized by itching, generalized flushing, headache, difficulty breathing, and a drop in blood pressure, which can lead to shock and loss of consciousness.
Anaphylaxis
Common allergens are food, chemicals, insect stings, and drugs. Treatment for anaphylaxis is subcutaneous administration of __________.
Epinephrine
A type of hypersensitivity response mediated by IgM or IgG and is directed against target antigens on cell surfaces or in extracellular tissue. These reactions commonly involve the formation of antibodies directed against blood cells and their destruction.
Type II (Antibody Mediated/Cytotoxic Hypersensitivity)
Rupture or destruction of red blood cells.
Hemolysis
A blood group system that refers to whether your blood has RH factor.
Rhesus (RH)
A protein on a red blood cell.
RH Factor
HgB, gives blood its red colour, transports O2 to tissues & CO2 from tissues.
Erythrocytes
A hemolytic disease that affects neonates and it occurs if the mother is RH- and fetus is RH+ in subsequent pregnancies.
Erythroblastosis Fetalis (Hemolytic Anemia, Erythroblastosis Neonatorum)
With erythroblastosis fetalis, RH+ antibodies formed in mother’s system from her first RH+ pregnancy cause ________ of the red blood cells during second pregnancy. Anemia, jaundice, and edema will present in the child.
Hemolysis
A condition in which antibodies produced by a patient’s own body are responsible for the hemolysis of erythrocytes and it is manifested as anemia.
Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia
Treatment for autoimmune hemolytic anemia includes use of corticosteroids and/or a __________.
Splenectomy
A reaction that is triggered when incompatible blood type is administered and it manifests as fever, chills, and renal failure due to hemolysis of red blood cells.
Blood Transfusion Reactions
Blood transfusion reactions can be prevented by checking blood groups and doing ____________ before blood transfusion.
Cross-matching
A condition where the body produces antibodies that are directed against platelets. The response manifests as petechiae, purpura, and mucosal bleeding.
Autoimmune Thrombocytopenia (AITP)
T/F - Treatment for autoimmune hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia is the same.
True
A type of hypersensitivity response mediated by formation of antigen-immunoglobulin complexes, complement fixation, and localized inflammation. This response involves IgM and IgG antibodies.
Type III (Immune Complex Mediated Hypersensitivity)
A type of hypersensitivity response in which immune complexes formed in the body’s circulatory system are deposited in different areas of the body and the subsequent immune response causes inflammation and tissue destruction of the surrounding structures.
Type III (Immune Complex Mediated Hypersensitivity)
A local response, is performed for experimental purposes, and involves the injection of a foreign substance. This usually results in complex formation and localized skin reactions.
Arthus Reaction
A systemic response caused by animal serum or drugs, such as penicillin. Antibodies are developed to a serum or drug antigen, which results in the formation of an antigen-antibody complex.
Serum Sickness
With serum sickness, complexes get lodged in small vessels and cause an inflammatory reaction known as acute ________. Symptoms include, fever, painful joints, enlarged lymph nodes/spleen, and urticaria.
Vasculitis
A condition having local effects in which an acute streptococcal infection is responsible for the formation of antibodies. Streptococcus antigen and antibodies form an immune complex.
Glomerulonephritis
A condition in which an immune complex is deposited on the glomerular basement membrane, leading to inflammation of the glomerulus. Symptoms include hematuria and proteinuria.
Glomerulonephritis
This disease has systemic effects and is characterized by the inflammation and necrosis of medium-sized arteries with secondary ischemia of the tissues supplied by the affected blood vessels.
Polyarteritis Nodosa
With polyarteritis nodosa, inflammation is caused by immune complex formation and the antigen can be penicillin or ________ virus. This can lead to fatal complications, such as ________ or rupture of blood vessels.
Hepatitis B
Occlusion
A type of hypersensitivity response mediated by specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes and manifests as sub-acute/chronic inflammation with infiltration of the tissue by the lymphocytes and macrophages, resulting in variable degrees of necrosis.
Type IV (Delayed/Cell Mediated Hypersensitivity)
Type I, II & III are ______ mediated and immediate. Type IV is ______ mediated and delayed.
Antibody
Cell
An acute or chronic delayed type of hypersensitive response to allergens placed on the skin surface. Can be caused by plants, drugs, cosmetics, dyes, paints, and jewelry.
Contact Dermatitis
This condition manifests as skin erythema, edema, pruritis, vascular eruption, and necrosis. Symptoms usually occur 12-24 hours after exposure and can last from a few days to weeks.
Contact Dermatitis
Caused by a delayed hypersensitivity reaction and there is development of chronic inflammation because of infiltration of the graft by lymphocytes and macrophages. This leads to necrosis of the graft.
Graft Rejection
T/F - Latex allergies are only Type I reactions.
False - Latex allergies can be Type I and/or Type IV reactions.
Type I latex reactions are ________ and often life-threatening. Type IV latex reactions are more common and tend to manifest as ____________.
Contact Dermatitis
