Class 1 - Immune System Flashcards
The body system that defends against foreign invaders, including bacteria, viruses, other organisms, foreign bodies/substances, abnormal molecules, and cancerous cells.
Immune System
Essential to immunity is the capacity to recognize ______ invaders (non-self).
Foreign
________ and hypersensitivities occur when the response to an invader is excessive.
Allergies
When self-tissue is perceived as foreign or dangerous.
Auto-Immunity
A type of microorganism that is too small to see with the unaided eye, such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi.
Microbe
A microbe that causes disease.
Pathogen
Tends to kill or damage microbes, such as lysosomal enzymes released by immune cells.
Antimicrobial Substance
Large molecules on cell surfaces that elicit specific responses from hosts and can be on self-cells as well as foreign-cells.
Antigen
Antigens are usually proteins or ____________.
Polysaccharides
A specific, discrete component of an antigen that is used as an identifier and binding site by host immune cells.
Epitope (Antigenic Determinant)
A protein in the immune system that is responsible for binding to an epitope and initiating the destruction of the associated organism.
Antibody
Also known as white blood cells.
Lymphocyte
A type of cell that means “to eat.”
Phagocyte
White blood cells that help heal tissue and infection by attacking antigens. They circulate in the blood, but die after they attack.
Neutrophils
Larger white blood cells that attack antigens and they do not die after attacking them.
Macrophages
Cells that patrol the blood and lymph and can kill your own cells without using an antigen presenting cell.
Natural Killer Cells
Collected coordinated response of the cells and molecules of the immune system to protect against infectious disease.
Immune Response
What are the 2 responses of the immune system?
1) Innate Response
2) Adaptive Response
An immune response we are born with and is our non-specific initial line of defence.
Innate Response
Features of the ______ response include:
- It’s a rapid, early response
- It’s always the same (non-specific)
- It primarily reacts to microbes
- It relies on phagocytes and antimicrobials
- It includes external physical barriers
- It’s fairly easy for microbes to adapt to it
- It stimulates adaptive responses
Innate
The ____ line of defence is the skin and our mucous membranes.
First (External)
Forms a protective film on the skin that inhibits the growth of certain microbes.
Sebum
Traps microbes, which can be then expectorated or sneezed out of the body.
Mucous
Found in the nose and respiratory tract and trap/sweep microbes away.
Hairs
An enzyme that breaks down the cell wall of some bacteria and is found in tears and saliva.
Lysozyme
The ______ line of defence consists of antimicrobial substances, natural killer cells, and phagocytes. It involves activation of the __________ system.
Second
Complement
Interferons, iron binding proteins, and antimicrobial proteins are all considered __________ substances.
Antimicrobial
A specific immune response that develops with exposure to various organisms and substances that it finds threatening.
Adaptive Response
Features of the _______ response include:
- It’s slower to kick in
- It develops in response to specific attributes of an invader
- It works with another response system to enhance reactivity
- It attacks microbes and antigens
- It generates immunologic memory, meaning that subsequent exposures lead to a more rapid response
Adaptive
What are the 2 primary cells of adaptive immunity?
1) B-Lymphocytes (B-cells)
2) T-Lymphocytes (T-cells)
What are the 2 things that lymphocytes do?
1) Regulator Cells
2) Effector Cells
Cells that assist in controlling and orchestration of the immune response, for example by activating other cells.
Regulator Cells
Cells that kill and eliminate the microbe or antigen.
Effector Cells
Phagocytes, such as macrophages, neutrophils, and eosinophils, that kill or break apart an invader.
Accessory Cells
Cells that present antigens and epitopes to killers.
Dendritic Cells
A type of immunity where a high number of immune cells and other immune materials, like antibodies, circulate in the blood and lymph.
Humoral Immunity
______ cells are located in various tissues and organs, such as:
- Lymph nodes
- Bone marrow
- Thymus
- Tonsils
- Spleen
- Skin
- Mucosa
- Vital organs
Immune
When signalled by the presence of microbes or antigens, or by other immune cells, they rapidly reproduce to create populations ( ______ ) of targeted cell types.
Clones
Cells that are key players in humoral immunity and they are very good at recognizing microbes and antigens. They also produce antibodies.
B-cells
A type of immunity utilizing cell to cell communication to produce a response.
Cell-Mediated Immunity
When a B-cell binds to its associated antigen, it becomes ________.
Activated
What are the 2 types of clones a B-cell can select upon activation?
1) Plasma Cell
2) Memory Cell
When it reaches full maturation, ______ cells produce and secrete antibodies designed for a specific antigen. Antibodies bind to ________ and either kill/neutralize the invader, or present them to T-cells/macrophages.
Plasma
Epitopes
Another name for antibodies.
Immunoglobins
_______ cells do not participate in the initial immune response, but instead they stay in the body to respond quickly if a secondary exposure to the same antigen occurs.
Memory
Which type of antibody is described by the following:
- 75% of antibodies are ___
- The only Ig to cross the placenta (protects neonates and accounts for passive immunity in newborns)
- Diffuses readily out of the vascular zone into tissues
- Antiviral, antitoxin, antibacterial actions
- Activates killer cells
- Activates the complement system
IgG
Which type of antibody is described by the following:
- Predominant in saliva, tears, nasal, GI, and respiratory secretions
- Found in breast milk (protects neonates)
- Blocks entry of organisms to the eyes, gut, respiratory, and urinary tracts
- Protects mucosa
IgA
Which type of antibody is described by the following:
- Doesn’t leave the blood or lymph
- Early responder
- First Ig formed after immunization or initial exposure to a pathogen
- Activates the complement system
- Forms natural ABO antibodies
IgM
Which type of antibody is described by the following:
- Present in small amounts in serum
- Needed for B-cell maturation
IgD
Which type of antibody is described by the following:
- Found in tiny amounts in plasma
- Binds to mast cells and liberates histamine and other inflammatory substances
- Attracts eosinophils
- Responds to parasites
- ___ overreaction = allergic/hypersensitivity reactions, asthma, etc.
- Can be a genetic predisposition to producing excess ___
IgE
Cells that bind to and/or break down antigens and they present epitopes on their surfaces, or alter the antigen to make it more recognizable.
Antigen Presenting Cells
B-cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells all act as ________ cells. Also, antibodies can work in the same way.
Presenting
Antigen presenting cells present antigens to ______. However, sometimes they are presented to phagocytosing cells.
T-cells
