class 18-19 Flashcards
selection of participants in qualitative research
-depends on the research being done
-subjects referred to as participants or informants
-may volunteer to be involved in the study from an open recruitment
-may be hand-picked by the researcher because of their particular knowledge, experience, or views related to the study
convenience and snowball sampling methods
-may begin with a volunteer (convenience) sample
-may seek out individuals that are different in some way from other participants in order to get diverse perspectives
-snowball: when participants (past/present) refer others to the study
purposive sampling method
-individuals deliberately selected in relation to study
maximum variation in purposive sampling
sampling-deliberately choosing samples with a wide level of variation on a phenomenon of interest
typical sampling in purposive sampling
participants are typical re:phenomenon of interest
criterion in purposive sampling
studying cases who meet a predetermined criterion
theoretical sampling
used in grounded theory
-focused on where to find data
-looks at what type of participants the researcher should look for to further the development of concepts
sample size in qualitative research
-based on the research question and design
-the braoder the question=more participants needed
-quality over quantity
-focus on data saturation
what is data saturation
sampling until no new information is obtained or there is redundancy
researcher-participant relationships in qualitative research
-participants are treated as colleagues rather than subjects
-researcher must have confidence in participants
-maintain relationships is very important
-social interaction is allowed
-researcher may alter participants behaviour/answers
-data can be a co-creation
important traits of a qualitative researcher
-empathy
-goo intuition
-become closely involved in subject’s experience in order to interpret it
-must be open to perceptions of participants, cant attach their own meaning
observation data collection method
-recorded in logs, field notes, reflective notes
-watch and listen to participants
-focus on details
-note routine activities or unexpected events
interview data collection method
-open ended format
-researcher defines focus
-no fixed sequence of questions->conversation flows better
-questions may be changed based on previous interviews
-use prompts
-subjects encouraged to raise important issues not addressed by researcher
-goal is mutual understanding
-min 2 recorders at all times, writing infront of participants is discouraged, write after
text as a source of data
-may be written by participants at the request of the researcher
-may be solicited by mail rather than in person
-text developed for other purposes
-eg: public text, books, newpaper, notes taken
data management
researcher is simultaneously gathering data, managing a growing bulk of collected data, and interpreting the meaning of data
-organized and stored
tasks in qualitative data management and organization
-transcribing the data
-develop a categorization scheme
-coding qualitative data
-organizing qualitative data (manual or computerized)
qualitative data analysis
-analysis is systematic and throughout even if methodology is not detailed
the qualitative analysis process
-comprehending
-synthesizing
-theorizing
-recontextualizing
general analytic overview in qualitative research
-identify (themes or regulatirities)
-search (patterns)
-develop(devices)
-validate(patterns)
-integrate(thematic pieces)
analysis phase of qualitative research
-becoming immersed in the data
-listening to tapes/rereading notes
-recall observations
reflexivity analysis
-researcher explores feelings, biases, and experiences that may influence the study
-requires conscious awareness of self
bracketing (phenomenology) analysis
-suspending or laying aside preconceived beliefs and opinions about the experience being studied
-during data collection and analysis
data reduction analysis
-reducing the large volume of data acquired in order to facilitate examination
-researcher begins to attach means to data
-creates. class of: things, people, events
-classifies data with established system or develop a new one
codes and coding analysis
-a way of indexing or identifying categories in the data
-data segments can then be retrieved by coding category
-researcher looks for themes, patterns, and interrelationships
rigor in qualitative research
-aiming for excellence in research through discipline, adherence to detail, and strict accuracy
-must be addressed differently in qualitative because the desired outcome is different
rigor in qualitative research can be demonstarted by:
-openness
-adherence to philosophical perspective
-thoroughness in collecting data
-consideration of all the data
criteria for judging rigor
-credibility
-dependability
-confirmability
-transferability
what is credability
-the findings are true
-researcher is credible
-data is accurate among researchers and subject’s
-search for disconfirming evidence
what is dependability
-data stability over time & over conditions
-would different researcher’s using the same sources and data, reach the same conclusions
-inquiry audit done by an external reviewer
what is confirmability
-objectivity or neutrality of the data
-potential for congruence between two or more people about the data’s accuracy, relevancy, meaning
-bracketing, reflexive thinking, decision trails
-auditability (the degree to which an outside person can follow the researcher’s methods, decisions, and conclusions
what are decision trails
-audit trails
-strategies by which other researcher’s, using the same data, can follow the logic of the original researcher, and arrive at the same conclusions
-covers the researcher incase they get audited at any time
transferability
-the extent to which findings can be transferred to other settings or groups
-transferability is the “generalizability” of qualitative research
what is fittingness in transferability
degree of congruence between the research sample and another group of setting of interest
causes of lack of rigor in qualitative research
-inconsistency in adhereing to the philosophy pf the approach
-failure to get away from old dieas
-poorly developed methods
-inadequate time collecting data
-poor observations
-failure to give careful consideration to all the data
-inadequacy of theoretical development from the data
ethical considerations in qualitative research
-naturalistic setting
-emergent nature of design
-researcher-participant relationships
-researcher as instrument
