class 17 Flashcards
what is qualitative research
a systematic, subjective approach used to describe life experiences and give them meaning
-flexible and evolving yet systematic and precise process that requires high skill in conceptualization, imaginative reasoning and elegant expression
qualitative research and causality
-useful in understanding human experience
-many qualitative researchers contend that the evidence hierachy is problematic
-often placed at the base
-qualitative argued to be valuable in exploring/establishing causality in some cases
the purpose of qualitative research, key words in a qualitative title
explore, examine, develop, describe
the logic of qualitative research
-focuses on understanding the whole
-consistent with holistic philosophy of nursing
-means of exploring depth, richness, and complexity of phenomena
characteristics of qualitative research
-design is flexible and elastic
-uses various methods
-holistic
-focus is on understanding, not making predictions
-requires researcher to become intensely involved
-considers other ways of knowing (i.e. cultural aspects used)
-generally inductive
-researcher cannot stay detached and objective
-ongoing data analysis
-pushes researcher to develop a model of “what is going on”
-researcher’s role and perceptions incorporated
reality within qualitative design
-there is no single reality
-reality is based on perception and is different for each person
-a person’s perception of reality changed over time
frameworks for qualitative studies
-frameworks used in a different sense in qualitative
-goal of qual is not testing a theory
-goal may be theory development
-each type of qual res is guided by a particular philosophical stance
-NO hypothesis in qual, only “goals”
-no external validity
philosophical base of a qualitative study directs:
-questions asked
-observations made
-approach to interpretation of data
findings from qualitative studies
-meaning of a phenomenon
-can give insight that can be applied more broadly
-inform nursing practice
-aid in theory development for building nursing knowledge
approaches to qualitative research
-interpretive descriptive
-ethnography
-phenomenology
-grounded theory
-historical
-critical
-feminist
ethnography approach to QR
-developed by anthropologists
-study of cultures
-seeks to understand people->ways of living, believing, adapting
interpretive descriptive approach to QR
-aligns with constructivist and naturalistic oreintation to inquiry
-often utilized to generate knowledge relevant for the clinical context
goal of interpretive descriptive approach
-to address complex experiential questions while producing practical outcomes
focus of interpretive descriptive approach
-systematic and rigarous approaches to data colletion (generation) and analysis
-using open-ended exploratory questions
-coming to a descriptive-interpretive understanding of experiences and observations by carefully representing their meaning
-reflexivity on the part of the researcher
ethnographic philosophy - culture
-a way of life belonging yo a designated group of people
-guides a group’s thoughts, actions, and sentiments
-all the accumulated ways a group of people solve problems
-reflected in language, dress, food, traditions, customs
ethnographic philosophy - material culture
all created objects
ethnographic philosophy - nonmaterial culture
-symbols
-network of social relations
-beliefs
-ideals
ethnographic research - purpose
-describe a culture
-study people’s origin, past ways of living, ways of surviving
-discover the many parts of a whole culture and how they are interrelated
ethnonursing
-theory of transcultural nursing by leininger
-focuses on how daily life conditions and patterns influence human care, health, and nursing care practices
ethnographic research methodology - ethnography
-identify culture to be studied
-identify significant variables in the culture
-review literature
-gain entrance
-immerse into culture
-acquire informants
-gather data
-analyze data
-describe culture
-possibly develop theory
phenomenology approach
-both a philosophy and a research method
-purpose is to describe experiences as they are lived
-used a lot in nursing
-utilizes a convience sample
phenomenological - philosophy
-the person is integral with the environment
-the world is shaped by and shapes the self
-reality is subjective: thus experiences are unique
-the researchers experiences are unique to him/her
-#’s arent as important as experiences
phenomenological philosophy - truth
-is an interpretation of some phenomenon
-is temporal
-is cultural
-may be shared with others
phenomenology & nursing theory
-parse (1981) theory of man-living-health (human becoming theory)
-Paterson & Zderad (1976) theory of humanistic nursing
-Watson (1985) theory of caring
-Benner (1984) from novice to expert
descriptive vs interpretive phenomenology
descriptive: what do we know as a persons
interpretive: goal:understandings
phenomenology methods
-the only reliable source of information is the person
-the person must interpret the action or experience for the researcher
-the researcher must interpret the explanation provided by the person
phenomenology - methodology
-identify the phenomenon to be explored
-develop research question
-identify sources of the phenomenon being studied and seek individuals willing to describe their experiences
-collect data through observation, interview, videotape, or written description
-analysis is initiated when data collection begins
-meanings attached to the data are expressed within phenomenological philosophy
-outcome of analysis is an understanding of the phenomen
grounded theory
-based on symbolic interaction theory
-explores how people define reality and how beliefs are related to actions
-some common views with phenomenology
-outcome is usually a theory
grounded theory philosophy - reality
reality is created by attaching meanings to situations
meaning is expressed in terms of symbols such as words, religious objects, and clothing
grounded theory philosophy - symbolic meaning
basis for actions and interactions
different for each individual
-we cannot completely know the symbolic meanings of another individual
examples of grounded theory research questions
what is going on?
how are activities organized?
what roles are evident?
what are the steps in a process?
outcome of grounded theory
-identification of patterns in life experiences of individuals
-relates individual patterns to each other
-generates a theory that explains a particular social world
grounded theory - methodology
-identify the phenomenon to be explored
-develop research questions
-identify sources of the phenomen being studied and seek individuals willing to describe their experiences
-steps occur simultaneously
-data collection by interview, observation, records, or combination
-large volume of data
-data coded and categorized
outcome of grounded theory
theory explaining the phenomenon
historical research
-examines events pf the past
-greatest value of historical knowledge is increased self-understanding
-increases nurses’ understanding of their profession
historical philosophy
-one can learn from the past
-search for wisdom in what has been, what is, and what ought to be
historical nursing knowledge
-how can we plan where we are going when we don’t know where we have been or how we got here
-criterion of a profession-> there is a knowledge of the history of the profession that is transmitted to those entering the profession
historical research - methodology
-formulate an idea
-develop research questions
-develop a inventory of sources (human, written, oral)
-clarify validity and reliability of data
-develop a research outline
-conduct data collection and analysis
critical research
considers issues of power, representation, and how knowledge is produced
-try to create social change/disrupt the status quo
feminist research
differs from traditional research
-focus on empowering the subject; shifts power dynamic between research and the participant
-critical in nature originally with a focus on the standpoints of women with consideration to the experiences of females
-expanded beyond female focus
feminist research - goals
-seeks to give a voice to vulnerable populations addressing social inequality
-political-.to foster shifts in power dynamics
-challenges gendered patriarchal systems
-not all participants are females
critical and feminist research
-truth is constructed through language and symbols
-methods: interviews, focus groups, observation, visual arts based
arts based visual research
data is generated through art ex: collage, video, photovoice, sculpture, etc
qualitative research methodology
-select a topic
-state problem & question
-justify significance of the study
-design the study
-identify sources of data
-ethical approval (except authoethnographic)
-gain access to sources of data
-select subjects for study
-gather data and simultaneously describe, analyze, and interpret the data
-develop a written report of results
how qualitative methods are different
-selection of subjects
-researcher participant relationships
-data collection methods
-data management
-data analysis
-interpretation
