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class 17 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is qualitative research

A

a systematic, subjective approach used to describe life experiences and give them meaning
-flexible and evolving yet systematic and precise process that requires high skill in conceptualization, imaginative reasoning and elegant expression

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2
Q

qualitative research and causality

A

-useful in understanding human experience
-many qualitative researchers contend that the evidence hierachy is problematic
-often placed at the base
-qualitative argued to be valuable in exploring/establishing causality in some cases

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3
Q

the purpose of qualitative research, key words in a qualitative title

A

explore, examine, develop, describe

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4
Q

the logic of qualitative research

A

-focuses on understanding the whole
-consistent with holistic philosophy of nursing
-means of exploring depth, richness, and complexity of phenomena

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5
Q

characteristics of qualitative research

A

-design is flexible and elastic
-uses various methods
-holistic
-focus is on understanding, not making predictions
-requires researcher to become intensely involved
-considers other ways of knowing (i.e. cultural aspects used)
-generally inductive
-researcher cannot stay detached and objective
-ongoing data analysis
-pushes researcher to develop a model of “what is going on”
-researcher’s role and perceptions incorporated

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6
Q

reality within qualitative design

A

-there is no single reality
-reality is based on perception and is different for each person
-a person’s perception of reality changed over time

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7
Q

frameworks for qualitative studies

A

-frameworks used in a different sense in qualitative
-goal of qual is not testing a theory
-goal may be theory development
-each type of qual res is guided by a particular philosophical stance
-NO hypothesis in qual, only “goals”
-no external validity

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8
Q

philosophical base of a qualitative study directs:

A

-questions asked
-observations made
-approach to interpretation of data

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9
Q

findings from qualitative studies

A

-meaning of a phenomenon
-can give insight that can be applied more broadly
-inform nursing practice
-aid in theory development for building nursing knowledge

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10
Q

approaches to qualitative research

A

-interpretive descriptive
-ethnography
-phenomenology
-grounded theory
-historical
-critical
-feminist

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11
Q

ethnography approach to QR

A

-developed by anthropologists
-study of cultures
-seeks to understand people->ways of living, believing, adapting

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12
Q

interpretive descriptive approach to QR

A

-aligns with constructivist and naturalistic oreintation to inquiry
-often utilized to generate knowledge relevant for the clinical context

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13
Q

goal of interpretive descriptive approach

A

-to address complex experiential questions while producing practical outcomes

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14
Q

focus of interpretive descriptive approach

A

-systematic and rigarous approaches to data colletion (generation) and analysis
-using open-ended exploratory questions
-coming to a descriptive-interpretive understanding of experiences and observations by carefully representing their meaning
-reflexivity on the part of the researcher

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15
Q

ethnographic philosophy - culture

A

-a way of life belonging yo a designated group of people
-guides a group’s thoughts, actions, and sentiments
-all the accumulated ways a group of people solve problems
-reflected in language, dress, food, traditions, customs

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16
Q

ethnographic philosophy - material culture

A

all created objects

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17
Q

ethnographic philosophy - nonmaterial culture

A

-symbols
-network of social relations
-beliefs
-ideals

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18
Q

ethnographic research - purpose

A

-describe a culture
-study people’s origin, past ways of living, ways of surviving
-discover the many parts of a whole culture and how they are interrelated

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19
Q

ethnonursing

A

-theory of transcultural nursing by leininger
-focuses on how daily life conditions and patterns influence human care, health, and nursing care practices

20
Q

ethnographic research methodology - ethnography

A

-identify culture to be studied
-identify significant variables in the culture
-review literature
-gain entrance
-immerse into culture
-acquire informants
-gather data
-analyze data
-describe culture
-possibly develop theory

21
Q

phenomenology approach

A

-both a philosophy and a research method
-purpose is to describe experiences as they are lived
-used a lot in nursing
-utilizes a convience sample

22
Q

phenomenological - philosophy

A

-the person is integral with the environment
-the world is shaped by and shapes the self
-reality is subjective: thus experiences are unique
-the researchers experiences are unique to him/her
-#’s arent as important as experiences

23
Q

phenomenological philosophy - truth

A

-is an interpretation of some phenomenon
-is temporal
-is cultural
-may be shared with others

24
Q

phenomenology & nursing theory

A

-parse (1981) theory of man-living-health (human becoming theory)
-Paterson & Zderad (1976) theory of humanistic nursing
-Watson (1985) theory of caring
-Benner (1984) from novice to expert

25
Q

descriptive vs interpretive phenomenology

A

descriptive: what do we know as a persons
interpretive: goal:understandings

26
Q

phenomenology methods

A

-the only reliable source of information is the person
-the person must interpret the action or experience for the researcher
-the researcher must interpret the explanation provided by the person

27
Q

phenomenology - methodology

A

-identify the phenomenon to be explored
-develop research question
-identify sources of the phenomenon being studied and seek individuals willing to describe their experiences
-collect data through observation, interview, videotape, or written description
-analysis is initiated when data collection begins
-meanings attached to the data are expressed within phenomenological philosophy
-outcome of analysis is an understanding of the phenomen

28
Q

grounded theory

A

-based on symbolic interaction theory
-explores how people define reality and how beliefs are related to actions
-some common views with phenomenology
-outcome is usually a theory

29
Q

grounded theory philosophy - reality

A

reality is created by attaching meanings to situations
meaning is expressed in terms of symbols such as words, religious objects, and clothing

30
Q

grounded theory philosophy - symbolic meaning

A

basis for actions and interactions
different for each individual
-we cannot completely know the symbolic meanings of another individual

31
Q

examples of grounded theory research questions

A

what is going on?
how are activities organized?
what roles are evident?
what are the steps in a process?

32
Q

outcome of grounded theory

A

-identification of patterns in life experiences of individuals
-relates individual patterns to each other
-generates a theory that explains a particular social world

33
Q

grounded theory - methodology

A

-identify the phenomenon to be explored
-develop research questions
-identify sources of the phenomen being studied and seek individuals willing to describe their experiences
-steps occur simultaneously
-data collection by interview, observation, records, or combination
-large volume of data
-data coded and categorized

34
Q

outcome of grounded theory

A

theory explaining the phenomenon

35
Q

historical research

A

-examines events pf the past
-greatest value of historical knowledge is increased self-understanding
-increases nurses’ understanding of their profession

36
Q

historical philosophy

A

-one can learn from the past
-search for wisdom in what has been, what is, and what ought to be

37
Q

historical nursing knowledge

A

-how can we plan where we are going when we don’t know where we have been or how we got here
-criterion of a profession-> there is a knowledge of the history of the profession that is transmitted to those entering the profession

38
Q

historical research - methodology

A

-formulate an idea
-develop research questions
-develop a inventory of sources (human, written, oral)
-clarify validity and reliability of data
-develop a research outline
-conduct data collection and analysis

39
Q

critical research

A

considers issues of power, representation, and how knowledge is produced
-try to create social change/disrupt the status quo

40
Q

feminist research

A

differs from traditional research
-focus on empowering the subject; shifts power dynamic between research and the participant
-critical in nature originally with a focus on the standpoints of women with consideration to the experiences of females
-expanded beyond female focus

41
Q

feminist research - goals

A

-seeks to give a voice to vulnerable populations addressing social inequality
-political-.to foster shifts in power dynamics
-challenges gendered patriarchal systems
-not all participants are females

42
Q

critical and feminist research

A

-truth is constructed through language and symbols
-methods: interviews, focus groups, observation, visual arts based

43
Q

arts based visual research

A

data is generated through art ex: collage, video, photovoice, sculpture, etc

44
Q

qualitative research methodology

A

-select a topic
-state problem & question
-justify significance of the study
-design the study
-identify sources of data
-ethical approval (except authoethnographic)
-gain access to sources of data
-select subjects for study
-gather data and simultaneously describe, analyze, and interpret the data
-develop a written report of results

45
Q

how qualitative methods are different

A

-selection of subjects
-researcher participant relationships
-data collection methods
-data management
-data analysis
-interpretation

nursing research (14 decks)

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