Class 16 Flashcards
Q9 What is the movement of gomphoses?
none
Q9. __________ is the mature bone cell that maintains bone tissue.
osteocyte
Q9. All synovial joints are ____________?
diarthroses
Q9. Another name for osteon is __________.
Haversian system
Q9. Are bone cells alive?
yes
Q9. Both _____________ of spongy bone tissue and ____________ of compact bone tissue are arranged along lines of stress, and their orientation differs between individual bones according to the nature and magnitude of the applied load (force). (i.e. dancer vs. couch potato.)
trabeculae, osteons
Q9. Can you distinguish the two types of cartilaginous joints, based on type of cartilage and location in body?
SYNCHONDROSES: cartilage joint found between sternum and 1st rib, and the epiphyseal plate (hyaline cartilaged); SYMPHYSES: padded fibrocartilage which permits slight movement, found only in the midline of the body (fibrocartilage)
Q9. Can you identify cellular and extracellular components of cartilage?
CELLULAR: chondrocytes (mature cartilage maintaining cells); EXTRACELLULAR: the matrix - chondroitin sulfate (a rubbery base) and collagen fibers within
Q9. Compact bone lies over what type of bone?
spongy bone
Q9. Define articulation.
a joint; a point of contact between bones
Q9. Define concentric lamellae.
rings (like rings in a tree trunk) of hard calcified matrix
Q9. Define fibrocartilaginous callus.
a mass of repair tissue consisting of collagen fibers and cartilage that bridges the broken ends of the bone.
Q9. Define fracture.
any break in the continuity of a bone.
Q9. define lacunae in bone?
spaces in between the rings of concentric lamellae, that contain fluid and osteocytes
Q9. Describe “bone remodeling”
the final phase of fracture repair. dead portions of the original fragments of broken bone are gradually reabsorbed by osteoclasts. compact bone replaces spongy bone around the periphery of the fracture.
Q9. describe “bony callus formation”
in areas closer to well-vascularized healthy bone tissue, osteogenic cells develop into osteoblasts, which begin to produce spongy bone trabeculae. the trabeculae join living and dead portions of the original bone fragments. in time, the fibrocartilage is converted to spongy bone, and the callus ihs then referred to as a callus. this lasts about 3 to 4 months.
Q9. Describe and give an example of dense fibrous connective tissue.
collagen fibers are arranged regularly in parallel bundles, such as tendons and ligaments
Q9. Describe and give an example of dense irregular connective tissue.
random and intertwined, collagen fibers are packed closely together, irregular arranged, such as in the dermis, periosteum and scar tissue.
Q9. Describe chondrocyte.
mature cartilage maintaining cells.
Q9. Describe elastic cartilage.
contains a large number of very fine elastic fibers, therefore a HIGH DEGREE OF FLEXIBILITY, maintains shape and gives support
Q9. Describe fibrocartilage.
stongest, most durable; rigid
Q9. Describe hyaline cartilage.
“glassy” (low collagen) shiny; most prevelant type of cartilage found in the body,
Q9. Describe the matrix of cartilage
chondroitin sulfate, a rubbery base.
Q9. Describe the subtypes of fibrous joints.
SYNDESMOSES: includes interosseus membrane (ligament) tibia/fibula, radius/ulna; SUTURE: between cranial bones of the skull, interlocking bones held together by a thin fibrous layer of connective tissue; GOMPHOSIS: tooth and socket joint
Q9. Describe trabeculae.
needle-like bony spicules, lattice work, that forms spongy bone.
Q9. Distinguish between the structure of spongy and compact bone regarding concentric lamellae.
SPONGY: no concentric lamellae. COMPACT: rings of hard calcified matrix (mineral salts and collagen fibers)
Q9. Distinguish between the structure of spongy and compact bone regarding osteons and their contents.
SPONGY: no osteons, instead trabeculae (irregular lattice of thin columns), which contain lacunae that contain osteocytes and canaliculi. COMPACT: osteons (structure of compact bone, tubelike cylinder), which contains lacaunae that contain osteocytes and canaliculi AND a centralc canal and is concentrically arranged lamellae.
Q9. Distinguish the 3 structural classification and 3 functional classifications of joints
structural: fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial; functional: synarthroses, amphiarthroses, diarthroses
Q9. Distinguish the three different types of cartilage based on differences in their matrix and in their locations in the body.
HYALINE CARTILAGE: shiny, ground substance with fine collagen fibers and many chondrocytes; located at the ends of bones, anterior ends of ribs, nose, parts of larynx, etc. FIBROCARTILAGE: chondrocytes scattered among bundles of collagen fibers within the matrix; located mainly in the midline of the body, pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs. ELASTIC CARTILAGE: chondrocytes located in a threadlike network of elastic fibers within the matrix; located in the external ear, larynx, epiglottis.
Q9. Does spongy bone tissue (cancellous tissue) contain osteons?
no
Q9. Each osteon is a tube-like cylinder that consists of a central canal with its concentrically arranged __________, __________, ____________, and __________.
lamellae, lacunae, osteocytes and canaliculi
Q9. Fiber producing cells are called what?
fibroblasts
Q9. Fractures are named according to what?
their severity, the shape or position of the fracture line, or even the physician who first described them. Some fractures are described by combining several terms.
Q9. How are joints classified?
structure (“what is it”, holding it together, what type of connective tissue) and function (the degree of movement permitted)
Q9. how is an osteon formed?
osteoblasts (the “bone-building” bone cell) secrete collagen and minerals in a ring surrounding the cell.
Q9. How is spongy bone different from compact bone?
spongy bone is light and compact bone is heavier, spongy bone has NO osteons, its lacunae and canaliculi are irregular, the rings of the matrix are oval shaped instead of round,and the osteocytes are located on the superficial surfaces of the trabeculae instead of deep within the osteons. (??)
Q9. Hyaline cartilage is only found in long bones until _____________.
puberty
Q9. Identify the parts of a long bone.
BONE REGIONS: diaphysis (shaft/body); epiphysis (ends); and metaphysis (in between the epiphysis and diaphysis); COVERINGS: periosteum (membrane around diaphysis); articular cartilage (hyaline covering over joint surfaces of epiphysis; CAVITY: medullary cavity (inside diaphysis); endosteum (membrane lining medullary cavity)
Q9. Is cartilage avascular or vasular?
avascular, no blood supply
Q9. Most of the bone tissue of the diaphysis (the shaft of the long bone) is composed of what type of bone?
compact bone
Q9. Name 3 types of cartilage
hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic
Q9. Name the area of the bone where blood cell formation takes place.
red marrow
Q9. Name the joints that are structural classification fibrous?
suture, gomphoses, syndesmoses
Q9. Osteons in compact bone tissue are aligned in the same direction along _______ of _________.
lines of stress
Q9. Overall, about ____% of the skeleton is compact bone and ____% is spongy bone.
80, 20
Q9. Spongy bone (cancellous bone) lies between two layers of compact bone. T or F
True, much like sandwich filling
Q9. Spongy bone is also called what?
Cancellous bone
Q9. Synovial joints are all of our bigger or smaller joints?
bigger; but synovial joints also include smaller joints such as the knuckle joints
Q9. The freely movable joint is described by what 3 types of axis?
uniaxial, biaxial, multiaxial
Q9. The knee, elbow, shoulder, hip, etc are what type of joint?
freely movable (diarthroses)
Q9. the repair of bone fracture involves what 4 steps?
- formation of fracture hematoma 2. fibrocartilaginous callus formation 3. bony callus formation 4. bone remodeling
Q9. The strength of cartilage is due to its _______ fibers, and its resilience (ability to assume its original shape after deformation) is due to the ___________ ____________.
collagen, chondroitin sulfate
Q9. The structural classification, fibrous joint, has what type of movement?
very limited or fixed
Q9. The synovial joint contains a _____________ joint capsule
fluid-fiilled
Q9. The tooth and socket joint is a ___________ joint?
gomphosis
Q9. What are canaliculi in bone?
they connect lacunae and contain offshoots of osteocytes (which connect to the bloodstream to get nutrients.)
Q9. What are other names for the central canal of the osteon?
also called the Haversian canal OR the osteonic canal.
Q9. What are the 3 classifications of fibrous joints?
syndesmoses, suture, gomphoses
Q9. What are the 3 structural classifications of joints?
fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial
Q9. What are the 3 types of connective tissue?
fibrous, fluid and skeletal
Q9. What are the 4 types of tissues
epithilial, connective, muscle, nervous
Q9. What are the 6 functions of bones?
support, protection, assistance in movement, mineral homeostasis, blood cell production, triglyceride storage
Q9. What are the different types of bone cells?
osteogenic, osteoblast, osteocyte, and osteoclast
Q9. What are the structural and functional classification and movement of the freely movable joint?
synovial, diarthroses, freely movable
Q9. What are the structural and functional classifications and the movement of syndesmoses?
fibrous, amphiarthroses, limited
Q9. What are the structural and functional classifications and the movement of the symphyses joint?
cartilaginous, amphiarthroses, and limited
Q9. What causes stress fractures?
in healthy adults, repeated, strenuous activites such as running, jumping or aerobic dancing. also in bones with disease processes that disrupt normal bone calcification, such as osteoporosis.
Q9. What does a ligament connect?
bone to bone
Q9. What does a tendon connect?
muscle to bone
Q9. What does canaliculi mean?
little streams
Q9. What does lacunae mean?
little lakes
Q9. What does spongy bone consist of?
lamellae arranged in an irregular lattice of thin columns called trabeculae.
Q9. What does the dense fibrous connective tissue contain?
fibroblasts, mostly collagen, some elastin and a few reticular fibers
Q9. What does trabeculae mean?
little beam
Q9. What happens during a fracture?
break in the continuity of the bone. Tear and destroys blood vessels that carry nutrients to the osteocytes. vascular damage initiates the repair sequence.
Q9. What happens to dead bone tissue?
its either removed by osteoclastic resorption or it serves as scaffolding for specialized repair tissues called CALLUS.
Q9. What is a closed (simple) fracture?
does not break the skin.
Q9. What is a comminuted fracture?
the bone splinters at the site of impact, and smaller bone fragments lie between the two main fragments. shattered. most difficult fracture to treat.
Q9. What is a greenstick fracture?
partial fracture where one side is broken and the other side bends. occurs only in children. like a green stick of a plant.
Q9. What is a stress fracture?
fracture, without visibly breaking; a series of microscopic fissure in bone that forms without any evidence of injury to other tissues
Q9. What is a suture joint?
between cranial bones of the skull; interlocking bones held together by a thin fibrous layer of connective tissue
Q9. What is an example of a gomphoses joint?
teeth
Q9. What is an example of a symphyses joint?
symphysis pubis and intervertebral discs
Q9. What is an example of a syndesmoses joint?
interoseous membrane and some ligament structures
Q9. What is an example of synchondroses?
1st sternocostal joint; epiphyseal plate
Q9. What is an impacted fracture?
one end of the fractured bone is forcefully driven into the interior of the other
Q9. What is an open (compound) fracture?
the broken ends of the bone protrude through the skin.
Q9. What is an osteon?
cylindrical shaped structural units with little space between them; these units or osteons, are literally cemented together to create the structural framework of compact bone.
Q9. What is another name for bone tissue?
osseous tissue
Q9. What is another name for Haversian systems?
an osteon
Q9. What is another term for osteogenisis, or the formation of bone?
ossification
Q9. What is blood cell production?
hematopoiesis
Q9. What is Colles’ fracture?
a fracture of the distal end of the lateral forearm bone (radius) in which the distal fragment is displaced posteriorly.
Q9. What is endochondrial ossification?
bone formation spreads from the center to the ends. bone increases lengthwise from the diaphysis to epiphysis.
Q9. What is intramembranous ossification?
formation and growth of flat bones
Q9. What is Kyphosis?
hunchback; abnormal thoracic curve (dowagers’ hump)
Q9. What is lordosis?
sway back; exaggerated lumbar curve (such as with pregnancy.
Q9. What is Pott’s fracture?
a fracture of the distal end of the lateral leg bone (fibula), with serious injury of the distal tibial articulation.
Q9. What is red bone marrow? Function?
connective tissue, produces ALL blood cells
Q9. What is scoliosis?
abnormal side to side curvature (“S” or “C”), can be structural or functional
