Class 15 Flashcards
Q8. Attchment of muscle to bone
Tendon
Q8. Define periosTeum
Peri: around; osteo: bone; dense, white, fibrous membrane covers bone except at joint surfaces (or the articular cartilage) and its associated blood vessels. Periosteum is sleeve-like around the bone. the muscle tendon fibers interlace with the periosteal fibers and some penetrate into the bone itself (acting as an anchor).
Q8. Define pronation
Turning the forearm and hand down or away
Q8. Define supination
Turning forearm and hand up or forward.
Q8. Describe endosteum.
(Within) A thin membrane that lines the medullary cavity. This layer contains a single layer of bone-forming cells and a small amount of connective tissue.
Q8. Describe flat bones
Broad, thin with flattened edge. OFTEN CURVED AND CONTAINS RED BONE MARROW IN ADULTS. (Composed of two nearly parallel plates of compact bone enclosing a layer of spongy bone. flat bones afford considerable protection and provide extensive areas for muscle attachment.
Q8. Describe irregular bones
Various shapes and sizes, and cannot be grouped in flat, short or long. They also vary in the amount of spongy and compact bone present.
Q8. Describe long bones.
Long hollow shafts with expanded articular ends. They are slightly curved for strength, and consist mostly of conpact bone tissue, whis is dense and has few spaces, but they also contain considerable amounts of spongy bone tissue, which has larger spaces.
Q8. Describe osteocytes.
(Mature bone cells) semi-retired osteoblasts. Maintain bone tissue (daily metabolism).
Q8. Describe sesamoid bones
Completely enveloped in a tendon. They are not always completely ossified and measure only a few millimeters in diameter except for the two patelae (kneecaps). Sesamoid bones vary in number from person to person except for the patellae. Sesmoid bones protect tendons from excessive wear and tear.
Q8. Describe short bones
Cube or box shaped; as broad as they are long. They consist ofspongy bone except at the surface, where there is a thin layer of compact bone.
Q8. Describe tendon
Fibrous (dense regular) connective tissue ropes or bands attach skeletal muscle to bones
Q8. Describe the continuous fibrous network of the muscles, tendons and bones.
The connective tissue components of muscle (epi-, peri-, endo-mysium) are continuous with similar wrappings around collagen ropes in the tendon. the extension of these wrapping and the ropes are continuous with the periosteum and the bone itself; theis makes bones part of the continuous FIBROUS network.
Q8. Describe the medullary cavity of the long bone.
Tube-like hollow space inside diaphysis, also called the marrow cavity.
Q8. Describe yellow bone marrow.
Mainly adipose cells, stores triglycerides (a potential energy reserve. )
Q8. Examples of flat bones
Sternum, ribs, scapula, cranial bones, pelvis, clavicle
Q8. Examples of irregular bones
Vertebrae, certain facial bones, calcaneus (heel bone).
Q8. Examples of long bones
Femur (thigh), tibia and fibula (leg), phalanges(toes), humerus (arm), ulna and radius (forearm), phalanges (fingers).
Q8. Examples of sesamoid bones
Patella (the largest), pisiform, and some others that are not present in everyone.
Q8. Examples of short bones
Carpels, tarsals
Q8. Functions of the periosteum?
Bone growth in thickness; protects the bone; assists in fracture repair; helps nourish the bone tissue; and serves as an atachment poiint for ligaments and tendons.
Q8. How do the bone-forming cells of the periosteum enable bone to grow; in thickness or in length?
In thickness.
Q8. How is skeletal muscle attached to bone?
Via tendons
Q8. How many bones are in the appendicular skeleton?
126 bones
Q8. How many bones are in the axial skeleton
80 bones
Q8. How many bones are the human skeleton total
206 bones
Q8. How many ribs are there?
24 ribs; 12 pair
Q8. Name the 3 regions of the long bone
Diaphysis, epiphysis, and metaphysis.
Q8. What are the 2 coverings of the long bone?
Periosteum and articular cartilage
Q8. What are the two cavity terms of the long bone?
Medullary cavity and endosteum.
Q8. What are the two types of bone marrow?
Red and yellow
Q8. What are the various types of bones?
Long, short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid.
Q8. What is osteoclast?
(Bone breakdown) bone erosion to release minerals. (Opposite of osteoblasts. )
Q8. What is an osteoblast?
Bone-building. Daughter cells of osteogenic cells. Builds (creates) bone matrix, secrete collagen fibers.
Q8. What is an osteogenic cell?
(Stem cell) bone creating cells. Found in the endosteum and lining Haversian canals. Undergoes cell division to form osteoblasts.
Q8. What is epiphysis?
The ends of long bones.
Q8. What is metaphysis?
The space in between the diaphysis and epiphysis where growth takes place before puberty.
Q8. What is the appendicular skeleton?
Bones of the limbs and girdles (pectoral and pelvic).
Q8. What is the axial skeleton?
Includes the skull, auditory ossicles, hyoid, spinal column, and ribs
Q8. What is the diaphysis?
The shaft or body of the bone.
Q8. What is the hyaline covering over joint surfaces of epiphysis?
Articular cartilage
Q8. What is the medullary cavity filled with in adults?
Yellow bone marrow, filled with fat.
Q8. What is the medullary cavity filled with in children?
Red bone marrow, filled with blood cells.
Q8. What is the Periosteum on a long bone?
Sleeve-like membrane around diaphysis.
Q8. What is the relationship between the periosteum and the muscle connective tissue coverings?
The connective tissue components of muscle (epi-, peri-, endo- mysium) are continuous with similar wrappings around collagen ropes in the tendon. The extension of these wrappings and the ropes themselfves are continuous with the periosteum and the bone iteself; this makes bones pare of the contiuous FIBROUS network.
Q8. What type of cells are in bone tissue?
4 type of cells; osteogenic, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteocytes
Q8. What type of connective tissue is a tendon
Dense regular connective tissue
Q8. What type of tissue is bone tissue?
Hard connective tissue
Q8. Which type of bone marrow produces ALL blood cells?
Red
