Class 1 - overview Flashcards
How to position the cadaver/patient?
head/gaze, toes directed forward
ams adjacent to the sides of body w/ palms facing forward
lower limbs close together, parallel feet
Define median plane
vertical plane longitudinally through body
Median is only plane running down midline
separates left and right side of body
define sagittal plane
vertical plane longitudinally through body, NOT running down midline
Define coronal plane
divides the body into anterior and posterior
At a right angle to median plane
Define transverse (axial) plane
horizontal planes dividing body into superior and inferior planes.
At a right angle to median and coronal planes
Define Superior/cranial
what is above, close to the head
ex: knee is superior to the foot
Define inferior/caudal
what is below, closer to the feet
Ex: knee is inferior to the hip
Define anterior/ventral
What is in front, closer to the front (toes)
Ex: the nose is anterior to the ears
Define posterior/dorsal
What is behind, closer to the back (heel)
ex: the heel is posterior to the toes
Define proximal
Closer to the trunk or point or origin
ex: the shoulder is proximal to the elbow
Define distal
Further away from the trunk or point of origin
ex: the wrist is distal to the shoulder
Define superficial
closer to the surface
ex: skin
define Intermediate
between a superficial and deep structure
ex: muscle
Define deep
Further from the surface
ex: bone
3 functions of the skeleton
- Muscle attachment sites
- Joints allowing for body movement
- Protection of internal structures
Axial skeleton
bones of the head (skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum
Appendicular skeleton
Bones of the limbs
bones handing off the axis
Three classification of joints
fibrous, synovial, cartilaginous
Six types of synovial joints
pivot join, ball and socket join, plane joint, hinge joint, saddle joint, condyloid joint
Ligaments
connect bone to bone
Tendons
connect muscle to bone
Muscles
attach to bone (via tendons) in at least 2 places and always cross a joint
2 muscle attachment sites
proximal attachments (origins)
distal attachment (insertions)
Ligaments role in joint movement
resists movement when stretched (typically)
Muscles role in joint movement
create and resist movement when contracting (typically)
Define fascia
wrapping, packing and insulating materials of the deep structures of the body
Define deep fascia
a dense tissue layer surrounding muscles that sends extensions, separating deeper structures
Define veins
sends blood to the heart regardless of oxygenation
A tributary
associated with veins
stream or river that flows into a main stream
Define arteries
send blood away from the heart regardless of oxygenation
Branches
associated with veins
portion of tree growing off of the main trunk
Anastamosis
when two arteries, or veins, connect with each other to provide another pathway of blood to travel
Define Lymphatics
outflow system of surplus fluid, debris and infection that does not enter the blood stream
Lymph nodes are located
next to, following the pathway of, veins
difficult to see in cadaver unless pathological
