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Manuf > CLARIFICATION > Flashcards

CLARIFICATION Flashcards

1
Q

Used to describe processes that involve
the removal or separation of a solid from a
fluid, or a fluid from another fluid

A

Clarification

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2
Q

encompasses both liquids
and gases

A

fluid

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3
Q

Clarification can be achieved using either ___________ or ________ techniques

A

filtration or
centrifugation

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4
Q

2 main reasons for clarification

A
  • To remove unwanted solid particles from
    either a liquid product or from air
  • To collect the solid as the product itself (eg
    following crystallization)
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5
Q

Types of Clarification

A
  • Filtration
  • Centrifugation
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6
Q

Types of Filtration

A
  • Solid/fluid filtration (solid/liquid filtration,
    solid/gas filtration)
  • Fluid/fluid filtration
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7
Q

Separation of an insoluble solid from a fluid by
means of a porous medium that retains the solid
but allows the fluid to pass

A

Solid/Fluid Filtration

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8
Q

Most common type of filtration encountered
during the manufacture of pharmaceutical
products

A

Solid/Fluid Filtration

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9
Q

Solid/Fluid Filtration is Subdivided into 2 types:

A

solid/liquid filtration and
solid/gas filtration

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10
Q

Removal of immiscible oils or liquid by
passing them through an appropriate filter

A

Fluid/Fluid Filtration

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11
Q

Mechanisms of Filtration

A
  • Straining/Sieving
  • Impingement
  • Attractive forces
  • Autofiltration
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12
Q

f the pores in the filter medium through which
the fluid is flowing are smaller than the material
that is required to be removed, the material will
be retained

A

Straining/Sieving

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13
Q

Filtration occurs on the surface of the filter in this
case, and therefore the filter can be very thin.

A

Straining/Sieving

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14
Q

Filter media of this type is referred to
MEMBRANE FILTER

A

Straining/Sieving

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15
Q

Use of membrane filters include the removal of
bacteria and fibers from parenteral preparations

A

Straining/Sieving

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16
Q

As flowing fluid approaches and passes
an object, doe example a filter fiber, the
fluid flow pattern is disturbed.

A

Impingement

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17
Q

Suspended
solids, may, however, have sufficient
momentum that they do not follow the fluid
path but impinge on the filter fiber and are
retained, owing to attractive forces
between particles and the fiber

A

Impingement

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18
Q

Electrostatic and other surface forces may
exert sufficient force on the particles to
attract and retain them on the filter
medium

A

Attractive Forces

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19
Q

Air can be freed from dust particles is an
electrostatic precipitator by passing the air
between highly charged surfaces, which
attract the dust particles

A

Attractive Forces

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20
Q

Describe the situation when filtered
material ( termed as filter cake) acts as its
own filter medium.

A

Autofiltration

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21
Q

Mechanism is used by metafilter

A

Autofiltration

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22
Q

Factors affecting the rate of
filtration

A
  • Area available for filtration-
    Pressure difference across the filter bed
  • Viscosity of the fluid passing through the
    filter
  • Thickness of the filter medium and any
    deposited cake
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23
Q

Methods used to increase
filtration rate

A
  • Increase the area available for filtration
  • Increase the pressure difference across
    the filter cake
  • Decrease the filtrate viscosity
  • Decrease the thickness of the filter cake
  • Increase the permeability of the cake
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24
Q

Filtration Equipment

A

n Used for filtering liquids
n Filtering gases (mainly air) are also
available
n Equipment selection

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25
Q

Ideally the equipment chosen should allow
a ____________ to minimize production
costs, be cheap to buy and run, be easily
cleaned and resistant to corrosion, and be
capable of filtering large volumes of
products before the filter needs stripping
down for cleaning or replacing

A

fast filtration rate

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26
Q

Product-related factors that should
be considered when selecting a filter
for a particular process

A

Chemical nature of the products
n Volume to be filtered and the filtration rate
required
n Operating pressure needed
n Amount of material to be removed
n Degree of filtration required
n Product viscosity and filtration temperature

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27
Q

Filters for liquid products may be classified
by the method used to drive the filtrate
through the filter medium

A

Industrial Filtration Equipment

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28
Q

Filters can be organized into 3 classes:

A

Gravity, vacuum and pressure filters

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29
Q

Filters that rely solely on gravity only
generate _________ operating pressures, and
therefore, use on a large scale is limited

A

low

30
Q

use on a large scale is limited

A

Gravity Filters

31
Q

Simple and cheap, and are frequently
used in laboratory, where volumes are
small and a low filtration rate is relatively
unimportant

A

Gravity Filters

32
Q

Rotary vacuum filters

A

Vacuum Filters

33
Q

Continuous in operation and has a system
for removing the cake so that it can be
rum for long periods handling
concentrated slurries

A

Vacuum Filters

34
Q

Automatic and continuous in operation, so that
labor costs are very low

A

Rotary Vacuum
Filters

35
Q

Filter has a large capacity

A

Rotary Vacuum
Filters

36
Q

Variation of the speed of rotation enables the
cake thickness to be controlled, and for solids
that form an impenetrable cake the thickness
may be limited to less than 5mm

A

Rotary Vacuum
Filters

37
Q

(Rotary Vacuum
Filters) On the other
hand, if the solids are coarse, forming a ___________, the thickness may be 100 mm or more

A

porous

38
Q

Complex piece of equipment with many moving parts
and is very expensive

A

Rotary filters

39
Q

ancillary equipment such as vacuum pumps, slurry
receivers and traps, slurry pumps and agitators are
required

A

Rotary filters

40
Q

Cake tends to crack because of the air drawn through by
the vacuum system, so that washing and drying are not
efficient

A

Rotary filters

41
Q

Being a vacuum filter, pressure difference is limited to 1
bar and hot filtrates may boi

A

Rotary filters

42
Q

suitable only for straightforward slurries,
being less satisfactory if the solids form an impermeable
cake or will not separate cleanly from the cloth

A

Rotary filters

43
Q

Most suitable for continuous operation on a
large quantities of slurry, especially of the slurry
contains considerable amounts of solids, that is,
in the range of 15-30%

A

Pressure Filters

44
Q

Collection of calcium carbonate, magnesium
carbonate and starch, and the separation of the
mycelia from the fermentation liquor in the
manufacture of antibiotics

A

Pressure Filters

45
Q

Feed the products to the filter at a
pressure greater than that which would
arise from gravity alone

A

Pressure Filters

46
Q

Most common type of filter used on the
processing of pharmaceutical products

A

Pressure Filters

47
Q

Metafilters, cartridge filters, cross-flow
microfiltration

A

Pressure Filters

48
Q

Consists of a grooved drainage rod on which is
packed a series of metal rings. These rings,
usually of stainless steel, are about 15 mm
inside diameter, 22 mm outside diameter and
0.8 mm in thickness, with a number of
semicircular projections on one surface

A

Metafilters

49
Q

Strainer for coarse particles, but for finer
particles abed of a suitable material is first build
up over the rings

A

Metafilters

50
Q

The pack of rings, serves
essentially as a base on which the true filter
medium is supported

A

Metafilters

51
Q

Possesses considerable strength and high
pressures can be used with no danger of
bursting

A

Metafilters

52
Q

As there is no filter medium as such, the running
costs are low and it is very economica

A

Metafilters

53
Q

Can be made from materials (such as stainless
steel) that can provide excellent resistance to
corrosion and avoid contamination of the
product

A

Metafilters

54
Q

By selecting of a suitable grade of material to
form the filter bed it is possible to remove very
fine particles; in fact, it is possible to sterilize a
liquid using this filter

A

Metafilters

55
Q

Used almost exclusively for clarifying
liquids where contaminant level is low

A

Metafilters

56
Q

The strength of the metafilter permits the
use of high pressures (up to 15 bar),
making the method suitable for __________

A

viscous
liquid

57
Q

Clarifying syrups, injection solutions,
insulin liquors

A

Metafilters

58
Q

Commonly used in the preparation of pharmaceutical
products, as they possess a very large filtration area in a
small unit and are easy and relatively cheap to operate

A

Cartridge Filters

59
Q

Consist of cylindrical cartridge containing highly pleated
material (PTFE or nylon) or string wound material
(wound like a ball of string)

A

Cartridge Filters

60
Q

Cartridge then fits in a metal supporting cylinder and the
product is pumped under pressure into one end of the
cylinder surrounding the filter cartridge.

A

Cartridge Filters

61
Q

The filtrate (in Cartridge Filters) is
forced through the filter cartridge from the __________________, from where it exits through the
other end of the support cylinder

A

periphery to
the inner hollow core

62
Q

Disposable and good for applications where there is low
contamination levels

A

Cartridge Filters

63
Q

Cross flow microfiltration’s membrane consists of _________, is laid down within
fiber which forms a rigid porous outer support

A

polysulphone,
acrylonitrile or polyamide

64
Q

Lumen of each fiber is small, typically 1-2
micrometer – but a large number of them can be
contained in a surrounding shell to form a
cartridge which have an effective filtration area
of over 2 m2

A

Cross-Flow Microfiltration

65
Q

Used for fractionation of biological products by
first using a filter of pore size sufficient to let all
the wanted molecules through, and then passing
the permeate through a filter which will retain the
required molecules while passing smaller
unwanted molecules

A

Cross-Flow Microfiltration

66
Q

Blood plasma can be processed to remove
alcohol and water and prepare concentrated
purified water.

A

Cross-Flow Microfiltration

67
Q

The process has been suggested
for the recovery of antibiotics from fermentation
media

A

Cross-Flow Microfiltration

68
Q

_________ can be used either to provide
the driving force for the filtration process or to
replace the gravitational force in sedimentation
processes

A

Centrifugal force

69
Q

used in the laboratory to
separate solid material from liquid, the solid
typically forming a plug at the bottom of the test
tube at the end of the process

A

Centrifuges

70
Q

Perforated basket centrifuges and tubular bowl
centrifuges

A

Centrifugation

Manuf (12 decks)

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