Act 8 Flashcards
A mixture of finely divided drugs and/or chemicals in
a dry form
POWDER
2 forms of powders
○ Amorphous
○ Crystalline
Powders according to size
V. coarse
Coarse
M. Coarse
Fine
V. Fine
All particles pass through a
No. 8 sieve and not more
than 20% pass through a
No. 60 sieve
Very coarse
All particles pass through a
No. 20 sieve and not more
than 40% pass through a
No. 60 sieve
Coarse
All particles pass through a
No. 40 sieve and not more
than 40% pass through a
No. 80 sieve
Moderately coarse
All particles pass through a
No. 60 sieve and not more
than 40% pass through a
No. 100 sieve
Fine
All particles pass through a
No. 80 sieve. There is no
limit to greater fineness
Very fine
Powders when to be used internally is administered through the
nose snuffs or Blown into a body cavity
powders
applied as extreme finely
divided particles into a body
cavity such as, nose, ears,
throat, vagina with the help of a
device known as insufflators.
Insufflations
Locally applied
non-toxic preparation and no systemic
effect. They are applied as lubricant,
protective, absorbent, antiseptic,
antipruritic, astringent, anti-perspirant
Dusting powders
2 types of Dusting powders
Medical, Surgical
Used to clean and
polish the teeth
Dentifrices
Initially
dissolved in water to be used as
an antiseptic or cleansing agent
for a body cavity
Douche powder
Douche powder and Dentifrices are powders used ____ (internally/externally)
externally
Also known as undivided powders
Bulk powders
Dusting powders, Effervescent,
Antacids, Laxatives, Dietary nutrient and
supplements,
Bulk powders
simple mixture of the
prescribed medication without additional ingredients.
Dispensed usually involved bulk quantities
Oral undivided powders
If intended for external dusting powders, Oral undivided powders can be placed in a
perforator or sifter
If applied on skin, Oral undivided powders can be placed in a
aerosol container
for easy removal
of a spoonful of powder, Oral undivided powders can be placed in a
a wide mouth glass
Pockets, Mache, Capsules,
Divided powder
contain one or more
active ingredient/s together with inner diluents
to produce a minimum quantity of 120 mg.
Divided powder
T/F: Divided powder can be dispensed in a single-dose quantity,
usually folded in paper
T
T/F: Divided powder can be dispensed in metal foil or small sealed
or reusable plastic bag container
T
REQUIREMENTS IN MANUFACTURING OF POWDER
HOMOGENEOUS BLENDING
REDUCTION
The purpose of this step is to increase the exposure
of poorly soluble drug by increasing surface active
area, thereby, improving dissolution rate
REDUCTION
BLENDING TECHNIQUES
SPATULATION
TRITURATION
GEOMETRIC DILUTION
SIFTING
A method of blending a small amount of powder by
movement of pharmaceutical spatula on a sheet of
paper or ointment tile, in very little compression or
compacting of the powder results from spatulation.
spatulation
It is especially said for mixing solid substances that
liquefy or form eutectic mixture.
spatulation
- mixtures that melt at
lower temperature than any other
ingredients whether close and prolong
contact with one another.
Eutectic mixture
T/F Eutectic mixture is not suitable
for large quantities of powder and not
recommended for powders containing
potent substances.
T
Provides intimate building of powder using
porcelain, wedgwood, glass mortar. Not
recommended for eutectic mixtures
TRITURATION
T/F In trituration, porcelain or ceramic mortar with erupt
inner surface is prepared than a glass
mortar with a smooth working surface
T
T/F: A glass mortar is preferred for chemical
substances that stains porcelain or
ceramic surface as well as simple
admixture of substance without a
special need for comminution.
T
Used for mixing potent substances with a large
amount of diluent. Potent drug is placed on an
approximately equal volume or amount of diluent in
a mortar and mixed by trituration.
GEOMETRIC DILUTION
Recommended on instances in which the potent
and non-potent substances are of the same color or
visible sign of thorough mixing is lacking.
GEOMETRIC DILUTION
The simplest and most commonly used method of
mixing powder or particle size determination.
SIFTING
This involves tumbling a powder in a rotating
chamber or mixing powder using a large enclosed
container rotated by a motorized process.
TUMBLING
Study of Particle Size. It is the science of small
particles. It is important to study small particles
since most drug dosage forms are solid.
Micromeretrics
T/F: Solids are not static systems.
T
The physical
states of solids can be altered by ______ and particle characteristics in
altered therapeutic effectiveness.
physical
manipulation
Process of reducing particle size with a finer
state of subdivision.
Comminution
determines the volume distribution of
particles suspended in an electrolyte
containing solution
Coulter counter
TECHNIQUES IN PARTICLE SIZE DETERMINATION
Sieving (40 - 9500 micrometers)
Coulter counter
Drug micronization can increase dissolution
rate and its bioavailability
Suspendability
suspendability of particles intended to remain
undissolved but uniformly dispersed in a
liquid vehicle.
Suspendability
Ensures dose-to-dose content uniformity
Uniform distribution
drugs intended to be inhaled or positioned in
the respiratory tract.
Penetrability
observed in dermal ointment, creams, and
ophthalmic preparations
Lack grittiness
COMMINUTION TECHNIQUE
Milling
Trituration
Levigation
Pulverization with intervention
employed in a large-scale production. A
mechanical process of reducing particle size
before mixing with other components, product
processing, or incorporation into a final
product.
Milling
Substance is reduced into smaller particles
by rubbing it on a mortar and pestle.
Trituration
The particle size of a substance is reduced
by adding a suitable non-solvent levigating
agent to form a paste. The paste is then
rubbed using a mortar and pestle or using an
ointment slab and spatula.
Levigation
Substances are reduced and subdivided with
an additional material- which is solvent, that
can be removed easily after pulverization is
complete.This
Pulverization with intervention
_________ technique is applied to
substances which are gummy that intend to agglomerate and resist grinding.
Pulverization with intervention
Administration of fluid and electrolyte by
mouth to prevent/treat dehydration due to
acute diarrheal disease
Oral Rehydration therapy
Normal physiologic body response
to aid itself of a noxious toxic substance.
Characterized by an increased frequency of
loose watery stool. Can cause dehydration
Diarrhea
Effective in the treatment of patients with mild
volume depletion of 5-10% of Body Weight
Oral Rehydration Salt
Advantages of ORS
OTC, Inexpensive, Diminishes
incidence of complications associated with
parenterally administered electrolyte solution
is a good source of sodium, potassium, and
chloride
Potassium chloride
helps correct the subsequent metabolic acidosis
which is cost by diarrhea and dehydration
Sodium chloride
glucouse transport is coupled with sodium
absorption
Anhydrous glucose
