CLA

Question 1

What are the phonological stages of development?

Answer 1

Vegetative -birth to 4weeks. Crying is a reflex response
Cooing- 4-7 weeks, isolated vowel sounds
Babbling- 6-12 months, reduplication
Proto words- 9-12 months, leads up to first words

Question 2

What are the two types of vowel?

Answer 2

Monophthongs- single perceived auditory quality

Diphthongs- personable change in quality during syllable

Question 3

Label some phonological mistakes

Answer 3

Deletion of whole syllable
Substitution 
Addition of a syllable
Assimilation- one sound influences another
Reduplication 
Consonant cluster reduction 
Deletion of unstressed syllables

Question 4

What was the Fis Phenomenon

Answer 4

Berko and Brown

Suggests a child’s comprehension is in advance of their physiological development

Question 5

What was Katherine Nelson’s theory?

Answer 5

First words can be put into 4 categories: 
Naming things
Actions
Describing
Personal 
60% of first words are nouns

Question 6

Was there any criticism of Nelson’s study of first words?

Answer 6

Bloom- result reflect frequency of words used normally

Routine, parents and environment will influence first word

Question 7

What is over and under extension

Answer 7

Over extension: words extended to other objects to give a broader meaning
Under extension: baby restricts number of referents of a word

Question 8

What are the types of overextension

Answer 8

Categorical- inappropriately extend the meaning to others in the same category
Analogical: extend a label from one item to another by connecting their functions
Mismatch: child makes a statement about one object in relation to another

Question 9

Three types of word formation in child mistakes

Answer 9

Conversion- create a new word from an existing one
Affixation- add an unnecessary suffix
Compounding- combing two words to describe something

Question 10

Describe aitchinson’s building meanings

Answer 10

Labelling- child makes links between sounds and their referents
Packaging- child learns about range of words
Network building- child grasps connections between words, understanding similarities and differences between hyponyms and hypermyms

Question 11

What are the grammar development stages

Answer 11

Holophrastic- 1 word
2 word stage
Telegraphic- small utterances
Post telegraphic

Question 12

What did Braine theorise about the two word stage

Answer 12

Children use patterns of two word utterances to revolve around key words called pivot schema

Question 13

What are the elements of a clause

Answer 13

Subject
Verb
Object
Complement
Adverbial

Question 14

Question formation, what are the stages

Answer 14

Year 1: rising intonation
15-18 months- wh questions appear
Year 2: wh questions used with other words
Year 3: auxiliary verbs used

Question 15

Describe formation of negatives

Answer 15

Bellugi- 1966
Stage 1- negative only at start or end of sentence
Stage 2: negative in standard place, some auxiliary
Stage 3: standard use of negative particle, tenses and auxiliary verbs used

Question 16

Describe Bellugi’s development of pronouns

Answer 16

Stage 1- no pronoun
Stage 2- 1st person only
Stage 3- standard use of subject and object, all pronouns used

Question 17

What is morphological development

Answer 17

Building up parts of words, adding inflections

Bound morphemes- suffixes
Free morphemes- stand alone as words

Question 18

Describe Jean Berko Gleason’s experiment

Answer 18

Wug

Children apply knowledge of grammar to any word, even original

Question 19

Label some features of CDS

Answer 19

Intonation
High pitch
Avoid expletive
Slow speech
Interrogatives
Omission of past tense
Expansions

Question 20

Describe some theories of CDS

Answer 20

Nelson- 1973- children whose mothers corrected them developed slower
Crystal- too much interference can hinder a child’s learning
Clarke- Stewart- children whose mothers talk to them have larger vocab
Kuhl- babies turn to people who talk in a sing song voice

Question 21

Why is Papa New Guinea different for CDS

Answer 21

They don’t use CDS but children learn in the same way, questions importance of CDS

Question 22

Why is Genie significant?

Answer 22

13 years old, locked away with no contact
Tested the critical theory hypotheses
Genie’s vocab expanded once taught, but struggled with grammar
Knowledge retracted after she was further abused

Question 23

Stages of politeness and pragmatics

Answer 23

Year 1: gesture, deixis 
2 years: terms of address 
3 years, 6 months: auxiliary verb, no interrogative 
3 years, 9 months: interrogatives learnt
4 years, 2 months- politeness 
4 years, 9 months- hinting, guilt

Question 24

What are Halliday’s seven functions of language?

Answer 24

Instrumental- satisfy own needs
Regulatory- control behaviour of others
Representation- communicate information 
Interaction- begin or maintain interaction 
Personal- express personal feelings
Heuristic- seek knowledge 
Imagination

Question 25

Describe Skinner’s theory

Answer 25

Children start as a blank slate 
Gradually develop language 
Use reinforcement 
Rats and pigeons 
Conditioning

Question 26

What are the criticisms of skinner’s theory?

Answer 26

All children follow stages
Virtuous errors occur
Genie

Question 27

What is Chomsky’s theory?

Answer 27

Children have an innate ability to learn
Language universals
Deep structure and surface structure help children learn

Question 28

What are the supports and criticisms of Chomsky’s theory?

Answer 28

Children learn quickly
Virtuous errors show innateness

Criticisms:
Feral children
Environment
Children with no interaction- Jim case study: son of deaf parents who’s development was severely retarded

Question 29

What was Piaget’a theory?

Answer 29

Language abilities emerge when cognitive develops

Object permanence

Question 30

What was Bruner’s theory?

Answer 30

Interaction isn’t
Parent/ carer interaction is key
Children all experience CDS
Input from adult affects development

Criticisms about other cultures question this theory