CLA Flashcards
What are the phonological stages of development?
Vegetative -birth to 4weeks. Crying is a reflex response
Cooing- 4-7 weeks, isolated vowel sounds
Babbling- 6-12 months, reduplication
Proto words- 9-12 months, leads up to first words
What are the two types of vowel?
Monophthongs- single perceived auditory quality
Diphthongs- personable change in quality during syllable
Label some phonological mistakes
Deletion of whole syllable Substitution Addition of a syllable Assimilation- one sound influences another Reduplication Consonant cluster reduction Deletion of unstressed syllables
What was the Fis Phenomenon
Berko and Brown
Suggests a child’s comprehension is in advance of their physiological development
What was Katherine Nelson’s theory?
First words can be put into 4 categories: Naming things Actions Describing Personal 60% of first words are nouns
Was there any criticism of Nelson’s study of first words?
Bloom- result reflect frequency of words used normally
Routine, parents and environment will influence first word
What is over and under extension
Over extension: words extended to other objects to give a broader meaning
Under extension: baby restricts number of referents of a word
What are the types of overextension
Categorical- inappropriately extend the meaning to others in the same category
Analogical: extend a label from one item to another by connecting their functions
Mismatch: child makes a statement about one object in relation to another
Three types of word formation in child mistakes
Conversion- create a new word from an existing one
Affixation- add an unnecessary suffix
Compounding- combing two words to describe something
Describe aitchinson’s building meanings
Labelling- child makes links between sounds and their referents
Packaging- child learns about range of words
Network building- child grasps connections between words, understanding similarities and differences between hyponyms and hypermyms
What are the grammar development stages
Holophrastic- 1 word
2 word stage
Telegraphic- small utterances
Post telegraphic
What did Braine theorise about the two word stage
Children use patterns of two word utterances to revolve around key words called pivot schema
What are the elements of a clause
Subject Verb Object Complement Adverbial
Question formation, what are the stages
Year 1: rising intonation
15-18 months- wh questions appear
Year 2: wh questions used with other words
Year 3: auxiliary verbs used
Describe formation of negatives
Bellugi- 1966
Stage 1- negative only at start or end of sentence
Stage 2: negative in standard place, some auxiliary
Stage 3: standard use of negative particle, tenses and auxiliary verbs used
Describe Bellugi’s development of pronouns
Stage 1- no pronoun
Stage 2- 1st person only
Stage 3- standard use of subject and object, all pronouns used
What is morphological development
Building up parts of words, adding inflections
Bound morphemes- suffixes
Free morphemes- stand alone as words
Describe Jean Berko Gleason’s experiment
Wug
Children apply knowledge of grammar to any word, even original
Label some features of CDS
Intonation High pitch Avoid expletive Slow speech Interrogatives Omission of past tense Expansions
Describe some theories of CDS
Nelson- 1973- children whose mothers corrected them developed slower
Crystal- too much interference can hinder a child’s learning
Clarke- Stewart- children whose mothers talk to them have larger vocab
Kuhl- babies turn to people who talk in a sing song voice
Why is Papa New Guinea different for CDS
They don’t use CDS but children learn in the same way, questions importance of CDS
Why is Genie significant?
13 years old, locked away with no contact
Tested the critical theory hypotheses
Genie’s vocab expanded once taught, but struggled with grammar
Knowledge retracted after she was further abused
Stages of politeness and pragmatics
Year 1: gesture, deixis 2 years: terms of address 3 years, 6 months: auxiliary verb, no interrogative 3 years, 9 months: interrogatives learnt 4 years, 2 months- politeness 4 years, 9 months- hinting, guilt
What are Halliday’s seven functions of language?
Instrumental- satisfy own needs Regulatory- control behaviour of others Representation- communicate information Interaction- begin or maintain interaction Personal- express personal feelings Heuristic- seek knowledge Imagination
Describe Skinner’s theory
Children start as a blank slate Gradually develop language Use reinforcement Rats and pigeons Conditioning
What are the criticisms of skinner’s theory?
All children follow stages
Virtuous errors occur
Genie
What is Chomsky’s theory?
Children have an innate ability to learn
Language universals
Deep structure and surface structure help children learn
What are the supports and criticisms of Chomsky’s theory?
Children learn quickly
Virtuous errors show innateness
Criticisms:
Feral children
Environment
Children with no interaction- Jim case study: son of deaf parents who’s development was severely retarded
What was Piaget’a theory?
Language abilities emerge when cognitive develops
Object permanence
What was Bruner’s theory?
Interaction isn’t
Parent/ carer interaction is key
Children all experience CDS
Input from adult affects development
Criticisms about other cultures question this theory
