Civil Rights 2 Flashcards
US v Cruikshank
violators of African American civil rights can go unpunished
US v Reese
States can impose literacy tests or poll taxes to prevent African Americans from voting
Civil Rights Cases
Hotels, restaurants, and other business owners are free to discriminate
Plessy v. Ferguson
1896: segregation of races in public accommodations are legal
“separate but equal”
black codes
laws passed by Southern states that limited the freedoms of former slaves
13th Amendment
banned slavery
14th Amendment
gave equal rights and protection under the law to anyone born in the US as a citizen
15th Amendment
gave the right to vote to African Americans
Civil Rights Act of 1866
all people born in the US (except Native Americans) are citizens; all citizens entitled to equal rights regardless of race
Jim Crow Laws
laws meant to enforce separation of white and black people in public places in the South
NAACP
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
a civil rights organization
imposed to prevent African Americans from voting
literacy tests and poll taxes
when was Brown v. Board of Education?
1954
NAACP attorney for Brown
Thurgood Marshall
seven-year-old student in Topeka, Kansas
Linda Brown
Chief Justice of US Supreme Court during Brown v. Board of Education
Earl Warren
Brown v. Board of Education: What?
Brown family sued school board since Linda Brown was denied enrollment to neighborhood school
Decision of Brown v. Board of Education
“separate but equal” is not equal in schools
integration of schools, but not private businesses
Brown v. Board overturned which Supreme Court case?
Plessy v. Ferguson
Impact of Brown v Board
- set standard for future laws
- a turning point in civil rights movement
- took 10 years to implement
- helped change Americans’ views on equality in education
Progression of KKK intimidation tactics
- warning: burning cross
- taken out and beaten (physical assault)
- burned house
- killed (lynching)
when were the Montgomery bus boycotts
1955; 13 months
Montgomery bus boycotts
CAUSE: Rosa Parks refused to give up her bus seat and got arrested
WHAT HAPPENED: African Americans refused to ride buses for over a year
RESULT: Buses became integrated through Supreme Court ruling
-the beginning of MLK’s civil rights movement
what was formed as a result of the Montgomery bus boycotts?
Southern Christian Leadership Conference
Little Rock 9
1957
Central High School
Little Rock votes to integrate schools.
Governor Faubus ordered National Guard to prevent the nine African American students from entering
Eisenhower send the 101st Airborne to escort students
Greensboro Sit-Ins
1960 @ lunch counters
Four African-American college students began a sit-in at NC Woolworth. Thousands of protestors took part in sit-ins in the following weeks across the South. Segregationists began to abuse the protests with ammonia, itching powder, acid, beaten, etc. Protestors were replaced by others
-created the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
Freedom Rides
protests against segregation on interstate buses in the South; African-Americans in front and whites in back
Election of JFK
did little to help civil rights
Birmingham AL
African American protests to integrate public facilities and gain better jobs
- police used violence (dogs and firehoses) on protestors - invited Dr. King and SCLC to join protests - broadcasted on TV - horrifying events persuaded Birmingham leaders to desegregate lunch counters, remove segregation signs and employ more African-Americans to support passage of legislation to protect civil rights
March on Washington
August 28, 1963 about 250,000 people joined MLK "I Have a Dream" speech -united civil rights groups -Kennedy promised support
CORE
Congress of Radical Equality
organization that planned Freedom Rides
Kennedy
assassinated in Dallas on November 22, 1963 by Lee Harvey Oswald
Civil Rights Act of 1964
passed by Lyndon Johnson
banned segregation in public places such as hotels and theaters
-created Equal Employment Opportunity Commission to prevent job discrimination
officially outlawed segregation throughout the US
24th Amendment
outlawed poll taxes
Freedom Summer
SNCC organized voter registration drive for Southern blacks
Selma
protest march to promote African American voting registration in AL
- state troopers attacked protestors
- broadcasted on nation TV
Voting Rights Act
banned literacy tests and laws preventing people from registering to vote; sent federal officials to register voters
Malcolm X
- believed in using violence to promote civil rights
- Muslim and member of Nation of Islam
- later rejected teachings of the Nation of Islam
MLK
- doctor of theology
- protestant pastor
- non-violent protests
- marches, boycotts, imprisonment
Similarities between MLK and Malcolm X
both wanted freedom and equal rights for all races
assassinated: Malcolm X in 1965 and MLK in 1968
NOW
National Organization for Women
founded by Betty Friedan in 1966 to get women good jobs at equal pay
Betty Friedan
women’s rights leader and author of The Feminine Mystique
ERA
Equal Rights Amendment
1972: amendment proposed that would give equality of rights regardless of sex
- not ratified by states
Delores Huerta
teacher in CA for immigrant children
found the first farm workers’ union in 1962: became the chief negotiator for contracts, guaranteeing fair wages, benefits, and humane working conditions
Cesar Chavez
Mexican-American farm worker and labor organizer that created the United Farm Workers Organizing Committee with Huerta
-used boycotts through media on grapes
La Raza Unida
the “united people”
to elect Mexican Americans to public office and advocate for better jobs, pay, housing and education
Burea of Indian Affairs
began termination policy; sold 1.6 million acres of Native American land to developers
termination policy
ended federal protection of assets held by Native American tribes
gave responsibility for providing services to Native Americans to states
Slaughterhouse Cases
weakened 14th Amendment
-civil rights ruled by states
