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Biology > Circulatory system > Flashcards

Circulatory system Flashcards

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1
Q

What are qualities of an open circulatory system?

A

Open ended blood vessels
Blood not always found in blood vessels

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2
Q

What are qualities of a closed circulatory system?

A

Blood never leaves blood vessels
No open ending blood vessels

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3
Q

Describe the pulmonary system.

A

Blood goes from right ventricle - lungs - heart

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4
Q

Where does blood travel in the pulmonary system?

A

Right ventricle - pulmonary artery - pulmonary arteriole - capillaries - pulmonary venule - pulmonary vein - left atrium

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5
Q

Describe the systematic system.

A

Blood goes from left ventricle - body - heart

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6
Q

Where does blood travel in the systematic system?

A

Left ventricle - aorta artery - capillaries - vena cava vein - right atrium

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7
Q

What are features of a typical circulatory system?

A

Fluid (blood)
Pump/ heart
Blood vessels

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8
Q

Name the three types of blood vessels

A

Artery, vein and capillary

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9
Q

What are the features of an artery?

A

Carries blood away from heart, high pressure, blood flow fast, no valves

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10
Q

What name is given to a small artery?

A

Arteriole

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11
Q

What are the features of a vein?

A

Carries blood to heart, low pressure, blood flow sluggish, valves

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12
Q

What name is given to a small vein?

A

Venule

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13
Q

What are the features of a capillary?

A

1 cell thick, join artery to a vein, diffusion occurs, high to low pressure

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14
Q

Where is the heart located?

A

Left side of the thoracic cavity

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15
Q

What is the heart protected by?

A

Ribcage

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16
Q

What is the heart made up of?

A

Cardiac muscle

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17
Q

What supplies the heart with blood (oxygen and glucose)?

A

Coronary arteries

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18
Q

What is the name of the 2 layers of tissue surrounding the heart?

A

Pericardium (pericardial fluid in between)

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19
Q

What is the purpose of the pericardium and pericardial fluid?

A

Ensure friction free movement of the heart

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20
Q

What are two key differences between the left and right sides of the heart?

A

Right - Deoxygenated, thin muscle
Left - Oxygenated, thick muscle

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21
Q

What part of the brain controls heartrate?

A

Medulla Oblongata

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22
Q

How does the medulla oblongata signal a heartbeat?

A

Sends signal to SA (sino atrial) node located in right atrium by superior vena cava.

23
Q

How does the SA (sino atrial) node control heartbeat?

A

SA (sino atrial) node sends signal to the AV (atro ventricular) node at the bottom of the right atrium in the septum. As this signal moves from SA node to AV node the atriums contract (systole).

24
Q

What causes the ventricles to contract (systole)?

A

The nerve signal from the AV (atro ventricular) node moves down special nerve fibres in the septum and into nerve ending in the walls of the ventricles, causing the ventricles to contract.

25
Q

What names are given to the special nerve fibres found in the septum?

A

Purkinje fibres and Bundle of His

26
Q

What device measures electrical stimulation of the heart?

A

Electro cardiograph (ECG)

27
Q

What does the P wave represent on an ECG?

A

Where the SA node signals to AV node for atriums to contract

28
Q

What does the QRS wave represent on an ECG?

A

AV node sends signal down septum to ventricles (ventricles contract)

29
Q

What does the T wave represent on an ECG?

A

Recovery

30
Q

What does systole mean?

A

Contraction

31
Q

What does diastole mean?

A

Relaxation

32
Q

What is the first step in the cardiac cycle?

A

AV valves closed
Ventricles systole
Atriums diastole and fill with blood
Semi-lunar valves open
Blood pushed into aorta and pulmonary artery

33
Q

What is the second step in the cardiac cycle?

A

AV valves open due to pressure of blood in atriums
Blood fills ventricles
Ventricles diastole
Semi-lunar valves closed
Atrium systole to push blood into ventricles

34
Q

What is the third step in the cardiac cycle?

A

AV valves shut
Atriums diastole and fill
Ventricles systole, pushing blood out
Semi-lunar valves closed

35
Q

What safety is involved in the dissection of a heart?

A

Gloves, lab coat

36
Q

What is the apparatus in the dissection of a heart?

A

Scalpel, dropper, heart, water

37
Q

Name the steps involved in dissecting a heart

A
  1. Observe the coronary arteries on outside of heart.
  2. Identify front of heart and place facing up on the dissecting board (dome shape, dorsal side facing up and coronary arteries facing up).
  3. Distinguish between the left and right sides of the heart by feeling the thickness of each wall.
  4. Make an incision using a scalpel into the left ventricle and left atrium.
  5. Push open the structure and locate the bicuspid valve. Take note of chordae tendinae.
  6. Cut into the right ventricle and atrium using a scalpel.
  7. Observe thickness of right ventricle to left.
  8. Locate tricuspid valve and semi lunar valves and identify the hole at thew base of the aorta leading to the coronary arteries.
  9. Using a dropper pump water into the opening at the base of the aorta.
  10. All blood vessels are identified
38
Q

What factors can effect heartrate

A

Increase - Exercise, temperature, emotion,
Decrease - Relaxation

39
Q

What is a pulse?

A

The expansion and contraction of arteries (walls) due to heartbeat.

40
Q

Where can your pulse be felt?

A

Where artery is close to surface

41
Q

What is the average bpm?

A

70 bpm

42
Q

How does your diet effect blood pressure?

A

Low fat diet decreases cholestrol as it clogs arteries (coronary arteries) (plaques).
Low salt intake as salt increases blood pressure.
Obesity increases blood pressure - heart attacks/ coronary attacks.

43
Q

How does smoking effect blood pressure?

A

Nicotine increases heart rate and blood pressure.
Carbon monoxide hardens and damages blood vessels, increasing blood clots.

44
Q

How does exercise effect blood pressure?

A

Increase exercise increases efficiency of heart muscle, strengthening it.

45
Q

How do you test the effect of exercise on heartrate?

A
  1. Find pulse rate at rest for 1 minute.
  2. Repeat 3 times and get an average.
  3. Carry out gentle exercise for 3 minutes.
  4. Take pulse rate for 1 minute.
  5. Allow pulse rate to return to resting rate.
  6. Repeat steps (3-5) 3 times and obtain average result.
  7. More vigorous exercise for 3 minutes.
  8. Allow pulse rate to return to resting rate.
  9. Repeat steps (7-8) three times and get average result.
46
Q

What is observed from testing the effects of exercise on heart rate?

A

Heartrate increases with exercise due to the body’s demand for O2 and the production of CO2

47
Q

What type of system in the lymphatic system?

A

Secondary transport system

48
Q

What does the lymphatic system consist of?

A

Lymph vessels (blind ending), lymph nodes, it has valves (to prevent backflow)

49
Q

What is the function of the lymphatic system?

A

Collects lymph (fluid) from the surrounding body and return it to the blood.

50
Q

What are the steps involved in the formation of lymph?

A
  1. High blood pressure in the arteries and arterioles forces fluid out of the capillaries into the surrounding body cells > tissue fluid/ extra cellular fluid.
  2. Tissue fluid lacks red blood cells, platelets, large plasma proteins.
  3. Tissue allows for exchange of materials e.g. gases O2/ CO2, glucose, amino acids.
  4. Tissue fluid drains back into capillaries at the vein side 90%. Enters the lymph vessel as fluid called lymph 10%.
51
Q

Describe the appearance of lymph fluid.

A

Pale yellow coloured fluid consisting of water, white blood cells, small proteins and fats. (There is no red blood cells or large plasma protein).

52
Q

How is lymph moved?

A

Movement of body muscles.
Valves prevent backflow of lymph fluid.
The lymph vessels are muscular walled.

53
Q

How is lymph fluid carried back into the blood?

A

Small blind ending vessels carry lymph fluid back into the blood at the subclavian vein. (thoracic lymphatic vessel)

54
Q

What is the role of the lymphatic system?

A
  1. Collect tissue fluid and return it to the blood to prevent oedema (swelling).
  2. Defend the body against infection as white blood cells are stored and mature within lymph nodes along lymph vessels (lymphocytes produce antibodies that destroy pathogen).
  3. To absorb and transport fats at the lacteal of villi an drains into subclavian vein.

Biology (8 decks)

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