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Grade 11 bio > Circulatory system > Flashcards

Circulatory system Flashcards

1
Q

What type of circulatory system is our circulatory system

A

double loop circulatory system

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2
Q

what is the left side of the loop

A

pulmonary loop
carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart

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3
Q

what is the right side of the loop

A

systemic loop
carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the body and back to the heart

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4
Q

How does the heart beat happen

A
  • made of cardiac muscles
  • electrical impulses from brain cause first atria and then ventricles to contract and relax
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5
Q

what are the phases of a heartbeat

A

phase 1: atrial systole (atria’s are contracting)
phase 2: ventricular systole (ventricles are contracting)
phase 3: atrial and ventricular diastole (heart relaxes)

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6
Q

what is phase 1 of a heartbeat

A
  • atrial systole
  • when the sino-atrial (SA) node causes the atria to contract
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7
Q

what is phase 2 of a heartbeat

A
  • ventricular systole
  • when the atrio-ventricular (AV) node causes ventriculus to contract
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8
Q

what is phase 3 of a heartbeat

A
  • diastole
  • when the chambers are relaxing
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9
Q

what is blood pressure

A

the pressure exerted on the wall of the arteries
- two types

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10
Q

what are the two types of blood pressure

A
  1. systolic pressure
  2. diastolic pressure
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11
Q

what is systolic pressure

A

the pressure that the blood exerts on the aorta when blood leaves the heart during systole

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12
Q

what is diastolic pressure

A

the pressure that the blood exerts on the aorta when no blood leaves the heart during diastole

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13
Q

how does the heart work

A

step 1: heartbeat begins when heart muscles relaxes and blood flows into the atria. process is called diastole

step 2: atria then contract and valves open to allow blood into the ventricles. called atrial systole

step 3: valves close to stop blood flowing backwards. ventricles contract forcing blood to leave the heart. process called ventricular systole. at the same time atria are relaxing and filling up with blood

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14
Q

what does the electrocardiograph do

A

records electrical activity of heart to monitor heart function

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15
Q

what are the P to Q wave

A

SA (sino atrial) impulse or atrial depolarization (loses electrical charge)
- atrial systole

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16
Q

what is the Q to R to S wave

A

AV (atrio ventricular) impulse or ventricular depolarization (loses electrical charge)
- ventricular systole

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17
Q

what is the S to T wave

A

ventricular repolarization (regains electrical charge)
- diastole

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18
Q

cellular respiration equation

A

glucose + 6 oxygen = 6 carbon dioxide + 6 water + ATP

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19
Q

What does the circulatory system do

A

circulates blood and lymph through the body

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20
Q

what does the circulatory system consist of

A
  • heart
  • blood vessels
  • blood
  • lymph
  • lymphatic vessels and glands
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21
Q

what are the functions of the circulatory system

A
  • 3 function
    1. transporting substances around the body
    2. controlling body temp
    3. protecting body
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22
Q

how does the circulatory system protect the body

A
  • blood contains cells and anti bodies that fight infection and clotting agents to stop bleeding
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23
Q

what is blood

A

the liquid circulating in the arteries and veins as a mean to transport substances around

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24
Q

what does blood transport

A
  • oxygen (from lungs to the heart to body tissues)
  • carbon dioxide (from tissue to heart to lungs to be exhaled)
  • hormones (from one organ to another)
  • nutrients & minerals (from small intestines to tissues)
  • water (from digestive system to all cells)
  • waste products )from all cells to kidneys)
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25
Q

What is blood made up of

A
  • plasma
  • formed elements of RBC, WBC and platelets
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26
Q

where are RBC, WBC and platelets made

A

in the bone marrow

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27
Q

What is plasma made of

A
  • 90% water
  • inorganic salts
  • glucose
  • antibodies
  • urea and other waste products
  • plasma proteins (e.g. fibrin - to clot blood)
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28
Q

How can plasma be separated from the other components of blood

A

by using a centrifuge

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29
Q

Red blood cells info

A
  • called erythrocytes
  • lack nucleus
  • disk shaped
  • life span of about 120 days
  • contain hemoglobin that bonds with oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin
  • transports oxygen from lungs to tissue
  • transports carbon dioxide from tissue to lungs
  • each RBC contains millions of Hb molecules
30
Q

White blood cells info

A
  • called leucocytes
  • bigger than RBC’s with large nuclei
  • body’s defence system
  • some are surrounded and consume (phagocytose) harmful microbes and foreign particles
  • some produce antibodies to fight infection
31
Q

Platelets info

A
  • cell fragments
  • lack nucleus
  • life span about 10 days
  • together with coagulating factors or clotting factors they help form blood clots
32
Q

what happens when platelets form a clot

A

they grow into irregular shapes and stick together to form a plug over the wound

33
Q

what are the 3 types of blood vessels

A

-artery
- vein
- capillary

34
Q

what does the artery do

A

carries blood away from the heart

35
Q

what does the vein do

A

carries blood back into the heart

36
Q

what does the capillary do

A

carries blood to and from body cells

37
Q

what is the structure of arteries

A
  • thick outer wall
  • thick inner layer of muscle and elastic fibers
  • lumen is narrow
38
Q

what is the lumen

A

central tube in the arteries and veins

39
Q

what is the structure of veins

A
  • thin outer wall
  • thin inner wall of muscle and elastic fibers
  • lumen is wide
40
Q

what is the structure of capillaries

A

wall is only 1 cell thick

41
Q

what is the blood pressure in the arteries

A

speed: high
Width: medium
Pressure: high

42
Q

what is the blood pressure in the veins

A

Speed: low
Width: wide
Pressure: low

43
Q

what is the blood pressure in the capillaries

A

Speed: medium
Width: medium
Pressure: medium

44
Q

how does blood flow in the veins happen

A
  • have valves to prevent backflow
  • valve open: allow blood to flow in right direction
  • valve close: blood starts to flow in wrong direction
45
Q

what is the heart protected by

A
  • sternum (breastbone)
  • ribs
  • spine
46
Q

what are the two sides of the heart separated by

A

a muscular septum

47
Q

what is the inside surface of the heart lined with

A
  • endocardium tissue which provides a smooth surface to minimize friction
  • myocardium tissue which allows the heart to contract
48
Q

what is coronary circulation

A
  • circulation of blood to the heart
49
Q

what does coronary circulation consist of

A

a right coronary artery and a left coronary artery which has two major branches: circumflex artery and the descending artery

50
Q

what can a disease or blockage of the coronary arteries cause

A
  • angina
  • heart attack
51
Q

what are the nerves that control the heart beat

A
  1. sinoatrial node
  2. atrioventricular node
  3. bundle of His
  4. purkinje fibres
52
Q

what is the sinoatrial node

A
  • a cluster of heart muscle cells influenced by medulla oblongata (brain stem)
  • found near opening of superior vena cava
  • Initiates cardiac cycle (systole/diastole)
  • Sets basic rhythm for the heart
53
Q

what is the Atrioventricular Node

A
  • Found at the base of the right atrium
  • Briefly delays impulse so that atrial contraction can finish before ventricular contraction
54
Q

what is the Bundle of His

A
  • also known as atrioventricular bundle or A-V bundle
  • spreads impulse over ventricles causing ventricular contractions
55
Q

what are Purkinje fibres

A

Specialized conduction fibres found throughout the heart

56
Q

cardiac cycle

A

Pressure changes within the heart’s chambers generated by contraction and relaxation are responsible for blood movement and cause the heart valves to open and close, preventing the backflow of blood

57
Q

What does the lub sound do

A

AV valves close; semilunar open (blood moves away from ventricles)- soft sound

58
Q

what does the dub sound do

A

semilunar close; AV valves open (blood pours into the ventricles) - hard sound

59
Q

how do doctors hear the heart beat

A

by using the stethoscope

60
Q

what is a heart murmur

A

swish noise when valves aren’t completely closing and blood is moving backwards

61
Q

what is pulse

A

number of heart beats per unit time

62
Q

Systole in ECG

A
  • P wave
  • QRS complex
63
Q

Diastole in ECG

A

T wave

64
Q

what does depolarization lead to

A

contraction

65
Q

what does repolarization lead to

A

relaxation

66
Q

what is the P wave

A

contraction (depolarization) of atria in response to SA node triggering

67
Q

what is the PR interval

A

delay of AV node to allow filling of ventricles

68
Q

what is the QRS complex

A

contraction (depolarization) of ventricles, triggers main pumping contractions

69
Q

What is the ST segment

A

beginning of ventricle relaxation (replorization)
should be flat

70
Q

what is the T wave

A

ventricular relaxation (repolarization)

71
Q

Trace the path of the blood as it leaves the inferior vena cava

A
  • Enters the right atrium is when the SA node triggers allowing atrial systole to happen; when the atria to contract opening the tricuspid valve allowing blood to flow into the right ventricle
  • Then the AV delays for a bit to allow the blood to fill the ventricle and then allows ventricular systole which pushes the blood past the pulmonary semilunar valve into the pulmonary arteries which then carry the deoxygenated blood to the lungs
  • The pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart which enter the left atrium
  • Once the blood is in the left atrium the SA node then triggers which makes the atria contract opening the bicuspid valve allowing blood to flow into left ventricle
  • Then the AV valve delays for a bit to allow the blood to fill the ventricle and then triggers allowing ventricular systole which pushes the blood past the aortic semilunar valve through the aorta to the rest of body. At the same time atrial systole is happening in our right atrium

Grade 11 bio (16 decks)

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