Biodiversity - Prokaryotes (Bacteria)

Question 1

Archaea similarities to eukaryotes

Answer 1

DNA and synthesis

Question 2

Archaea unique traits

Answer 2

can survive in harsh environments

Question 3

Bacteria traits

Answer 3

circular DNA without nuclear membrane, no membrane-bound organelles, 1/10th the size of a eukaryotic cell, has a flagella that helps it move, reproduces using binary fission

Question 4

Pili

Answer 4

hair like structures usually found in gram neg bacteria that helps it stick to surfaces and forms conjugation bridge

Question 5

Chromosome

Answer 5

single loop of DNA that is folded on itself. Controls cell’s function

Question 6

Nucleoid

Answer 6

region of cytoplasm where DNA is found

Question 7

plasmid

Answer 7

accessory loop of DNA, contains few genes, can be responsible for: conjugation, antibiotic resistance, unique metabolic properties: ability to break down hydrocarbons (bio remediation)

Question 8

Capsule

Answer 8

outside the bacteria, stores nutrients and protects from changing environmental conditions

Question 9

cell wall structure

Answer 9

peptidoglycan which is a combination of protein and polysaccharides

Question 10

Gram-negative bacteria

Answer 10

have additional layer of membrane that contains lipopolysaccharide. extra layer inhabits the uptake of antibiotics - protecting the bacteria, appear pink and don’t absorb stain

Question 11

Gram-positive bacteria

Answer 11

don’t have the extra membrane, appear purple, and absorb stain

Question 12

4 Bacteria classification

Answer 12

their shape, nutrition, respiration, and their reaction to being stained

Question 13

Bacterial shapes

Answer 13

cocci (spherical), bacilli (rod-shaped), spirilli (spiral)

Question 14

Live as single cells

Answer 14

mono

Question 15

live in pairs

Answer 15

diplo

Question 16

live in linear chains

Answer 16

strepto

Question 17

live in clusters

Answer 17

staphylo

Question 18

metabolic diversity

Answer 18

bacteria can produce energy in a variety of circumstances

Question 19

Autotroph

Answer 19

produces its own food by either photosynthesis or chemosynthesis (energy from chemicals)

Question 20

Heterotroph

Answer 20

organism that obtains energy from the foods it consumes, can either be decomposers or parasites

Question 21

obligate aerobes

Answer 21

require oxygen for cellular respiration

Question 22

obligate anaerobes

Answer 22

cannot live in the presence of oxygen

Question 23

facultative anaerobes

Answer 23

can live with or without oxygen

Question 24

Bacteria reproduction

Answer 24

very fast, every 15-20 mins, depends on space food and temp, growing colony can poison itself form metabolic waste accumulation, high mutation rate

Question 25

binary fission

Answer 25

asexual, like mitosis but for reproduction, genetically identical to parent, happens every 20 mins in good conditions

Question 26

Conjugation in bacteria

Answer 26

one cell passes a copy of its plasmid to another

Question 27

conjugation bridge

Answer 27

The specialized pilus that forms a passageway for the transfer of genetic information.

Question 28

Conjugation process

Answer 28

1. special pilus forms connection between two bacterial cells
2. dorner cell copies its plasmid and passes copy through the bridge
3. cell speartes. recipient bacteria has new alleles it can incorporate into its genome by crossing over

Question 29

Bacterial Survival

Answer 29

under very unfavourable conditions some bacteria form endospores.

Question 30

endospore formation

Answer 30

original cell replicates its DNA that then becomes surrounded by a durable wall

Question 31

2 ways bacterial cells exchange genetic info

Answer 31

1. transduction
2. transformation

Question 32

transduction

Answer 32

viruses carry bacterial DNA form one bacterium to another

Question 33

transformation

Answer 33

Bacteria take DNA right from environment that came from a dead bacteria which released its DNA into the environment

Question 34

Transduction in bacteria

Answer 34

1. virus infects bacteria
2. during assembly virus packages some of host DNA
3. new virus infects another bacterial cells, the host DNA is transferred between bacterial hosts

Question 35

nitrogen fixing bacteria

Answer 35

contain enzymes that allow them to convert (or fix) nitrogen from the air into a useable form

Question 36

Chemosynthetic bacteria

Answer 36

convert hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas into energy

Question 37

cyanobacteria

Answer 37

photosynthetic bacteria that convert CO2 and water into sugar (C6H12O6)

Question 38

Pathogens

Answer 38

organisms that cause disease, small portion of bacteria, most bacteria diseases are caused by toxins released by the bacteria

Question 39

result of bacteria toxins

Answer 39

1. poison cells and damage tissue 2. interfere with cell signalling
2. over-stimulate cells causing them to malfunction

Question 40

Bioflims

Answer 40

some bacteria form it
is a matrix of polysaccharide
once formed traps other bacteria
protects the bacteria so it is harder to kill

Question 41

Antibiotics

Answer 41

chemicals that either kill bacteria or prevent their growth and reproduction

Question 42

Who discovered penicillin?

Answer 42

Alexander Fleming in 1928

Question 43

what do antibiotics affect

Answer 43

bacteria but no eukaryotic cells

Question 44

what ways can antibiotics attack bacteria

Answer 44

1. cell walls and cell membrane can be damaged or prevented from forming
2. prevent protein synthesis
3. interfere with DNA replication
4. block bacterial metabolism

Question 45

misuse of antibiotics

Answer 45

use antibiotics until they feel better but stop before all bacteria is destroyed. killing the most susceptible bacteria but leaving the more resistant bacteria allowing bacteria to become resistant