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Biology 2 > Circulatory And Respiratory Systems > Flashcards

Circulatory And Respiratory Systems Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two Types of circulatory fluids?

A
  • blood ( found in vessels)

- hemolymph fluid ( found in invertebrates hemocoel)

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2
Q

What are the two types of circulatory system?

A

Open and closed circulatory system.

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3
Q

what the difference between the two types of circulatory systems?

A

In the open circulatory system blood is not enclosed in a vessel but instead is pump to a cavity called the hemocoel. In the closed circulatory system blood is enclosed in a vessel.

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4
Q

What do all vertebrates have in common?

A

All vertebrates have a closed circulatory system called the cardiovascular system.

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5
Q

What are the five types of vessels found in vertebrates?

A

Arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules and veins

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6
Q

what is the function of the arteries?

A

Arteries have the job to carry blood away from the heart.

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7
Q

what is the function of the arterioles?

A

The arterioles distributes blood to the capillaries.

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8
Q

what is the function of the capillaries?

A

The primary function of capillaries is the exchange of materials between the blood and tissue cells. The capillaries connect the arteriole and venule.

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9
Q

what is the function of the venules?

A

Venules allows deoxygenated blood to return from capillary beds to larger blood vessels called veins

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10
Q

What is the function of veins?

A

Veins return blood to heart.

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11
Q

What are the Functions of blood?

A

The primary function of blood is to transport oxygen and nutrients to lungs and tissue. The second is clotting and third is fight off infections.

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12
Q

What is the composition of blood?

A

The composition of blood is plasma and formed elements.

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13
Q

What is the name of formed elements and their normal value per 3 mm of blood?

A

The normal value per 3mm of blood for formed elements are: 5-10k WBC, 4-6 million rbc and 100-300 platelets.

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14
Q

What is the capillary exchange?

A

The capillary exchange refers to the exchange of material from the blood into the tissues in the capillary.

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15
Q

What substances do the capillaries encounter during the capillary exchange?

A

Capillaries facilitate the diffusion of nutrients, gases and wastes.

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16
Q

What is the cardiac output?

A

The amount of blood pumped per minute.

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17
Q

What is the Human heart anatomy?

A

Pulmonary artery Aorta
Pulmonary Semilunar valve
Aortic semilunar valve
Anterior vena cava Pulmonary veins
Right atrium Left atrium
Posterior vena cava Atrioventricular valves(tri/bi)

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18
Q

Where is the heart located?

A

Heart located in thoracic cavity behind lungs enclosed in heart covering called pericardium

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19
Q

There are four chambers of the heart: what are their jobs?

A

The four chambers are two sets of Atria and ventricles.
The atria collects blood, the ventricles pump blood out.the valves prevent backflow of blood and septum divides the heart.The right side pumps deoxygenated blood and left pumps oxygenated blood.

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20
Q

What are the two semilunar heart valves?

A

Pulmonary which is deoxygenated and aortic which is oxygenated

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21
Q

What are the two atrioventricular heart valves?

A

Tricuspid and bicuspid

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22
Q

What is the systole?

A

refers to when the ventricles of the heart simultaneously contract.

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23
Q

What is the diastole?

A

when ventricles relax.

24
Q

What is the cardiac cycle?

A

A two-part pumping action when the atria collects blood and contracts which pushes blood through the atrioventricular valves.

25
Q

What is the sinoatrial node also known as and what does it do?

A

The sinoatrial node is also known as the Pacemaker of the heart it is responsible for creating an electrical pulse that causes the heart to contracts

26
Q

What is the atrioventricular node?

A

The atrioventricular is a node that carries electrical pulse from the atria to the ventricles.

27
Q

What is the conduction pathway of the heart?

A

The electrical impulse travels from the sinus node to the atrioventricular node (also called AV node). There, impulses are slowed down for a very short period, then continue down the conduction pathway via the bundle of His into the ventricles.

28
Q

Define stroke volume.

A

The definition of stroke volume is the volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle of the heart during each systolic cardiac contraction.

29
Q

What is Systemic circulation?

A

Systemic circulation is the path in which blood is carried from the left ventricle through the body and then back to the right atrium.

30
Q

What is Pulmonary circulation?

A

Pulmonary circulation is the path in which blood is carried from the right ventricle through the lungs and then to the left atrium.

31
Q

What is Name of the artery that supplies the heart?

A

The coronary arteries supply blood to the heart.

32
Q

What are the 3 major functions of the respiratory system?

A
  • The first being pH regulation of the blood
  • The second being Thermoregulation:
  • Third being Protection from disease and particulate matter
33
Q

What is the function of the hemoglobin?

A

Hem0globin is the protein in RBC that carries oxygen(or co2) from the lungs.it is made up of four chains 2 alpha chains and 2 beta chains.

34
Q

what are the Respiratory structures in earthworms?

A

Gases are exchanged through the moist skin and capillaries then absorbed in the blood.

35
Q

what are the respiratory structures in insects?

A

Insects have a system of air tubes called tracheae through which oxygen is delivered directly to the cells without entering the blood.

36
Q

what is the respiratory function in fishes?

A

Fishes have gills that extract oxygen from water.

37
Q

What is pulmonary ventilation?

A

The inhalation (inflow) and exhalation (outflow) of air involves the exchange of air between the atmosphere and the alveoli of the lungs.

38
Q

What Define external respiration?

A

is the exchange of gases between the alveoli of the lungs and the blood in pulmonary capillaries across the respiratory membrane(GAIN O2 LOSE CO2)

39
Q

What is internal respiration?

A

The exchange of gases between blood in systemic capillaries and tissue cells. (LOSE O2 GAIN CO2)

40
Q

What are Parts of the upper respiratory tract?

A

This includes the nose, Pharynx, and the larynx

41
Q

What are parts of the lower respiratory tract?

A

the trachea, the bronchi, bronchiole, and the lungs (the act of breathing takes place in this part of the system).

42
Q

what is the trachea?

A

the trachea is the tube connecting the throat to the bronchi.

43
Q

What are the bronchi of the bronchial tree?

A

The bronchi begin where the trachea divides into two bronchi (tubes) that lead to the lungs

44
Q

Where does a gas exchange take place?

A

The exchange of gases takes place through the membrane of the pulmonary alveolus

45
Q

What is the gas exchange?

A

When oxygen (O2) is absorbed through the membrane of the pulmonary alveolus into the blood capillaries and the action of the heart circulates it through all the tissues in the body..

At the same time, carbon dioxide (CO2) is transmitted from the blood capillaries into the alveoli and then expelled through the bronchi and the upper respiratory tract.

46
Q

What is a bronchioles?

A

The smallest part of Bronchial tree branches in lungs

47
Q

What are the lungs?

A

A pair of air filled organs found in thorax (and all vertebrates) includes tracheae,lungs and bronchial tree.

48
Q

What is the lungs covering?

A

The visceral pleura covers the surface of the lungs, and the parietal pleura covers the inside of the thorax.

49
Q

What is another name for mediastinum?

A

The central thoracic cavity

50
Q

Where is the respiratory center situated?

A

The respiratory center is located in the medulla oblongata and is involved in the minute-to-minute control of breathing.

51
Q

What is the medulla oblongata?

A

Your medulla oblongata is located at the base of your brain, where the brain stem connects the brain to your spinal cord

52
Q

What is the most important chemical regulator of respiration?

A

The most important chemical regulator of respiration in a healthy individual is carbon dioxide.

53
Q

Tidal volume

A

500 ml normal

54
Q

The inspiratory reserve volume

A

3,100 ml of air can be forcibly inhaled

55
Q

The expiratory reserve volume

A

1,200ml air can forcibly be exhaled

56
Q

Residual volume

A

1,200 ml air still in lungs

Biology 2 (7 decks)

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