Circulation and Oxygenation Flashcards
What is systole?
The period of ventricular contraction
What is diastole?
The period of ventricular filling
What is S1?
Closure of AV valves- semilunar valves open and blood flows from the ventricles into the pulmonary artery and aorta
What is S2?
Closure of semilunar valves- AV valves open and blood flows from atria to ventricles
Patients with valve disease might have what?
A murmur
What is troponin?
The cardiac markers of choice for patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome
Why is troponin significant?
It is the central cardiac enzyme for determining if a patient is having a myocardial infarction (MI)
What is the average BPM of SA node?
60-100 bpm
What is the average BPM of AV node?
40-60 bpm
What is the average BPM of Bundle of His and Purkinje fibers?
20-40 bpm
What does an ECG (electrocardiogram) measure?
Reflects electrical activity of the conduction system
What happens during polarization?
K+ (chief intracellular ion) leaks out of cell
What happens during depolarization?
Inflow of Na+ (chief extra ion)
What happens during repolarization?
Return of the cell to resting state
What are the three components of the ECG?
P wave, QRS wave, T wave
What happens with atrial fibrillation?
sites in atria firing 400-600 times/minute
What is cardiac output?
Volume of blood pumped by the heart each minute
What is the formula for cardiac output?
CO=HR (heart rate) x SV (stroke volume)
What is angina pectoris?
Transient imbalance between the myocardial O2 supply and demand
What is a myocardial infarction?
Absence of O2 supply to the myocardium resulting in myocardial tissue necrosis
What are the three steps of respiration?
Ventilation, perfusion, and diffusion
What is ventilation?
The process of moving gases into and out of the lungs
What is the ideal CO2 and arterial 02 in ventilation?
CO2-Between 35-45 mmHg
Arterial O2-Between 95-100 mmHg
What is perfusion?
The process of pumping oxygenated blood into the tissues and returning de-oxygenated blood to the lungs
What is diffusion?
Exchange of respiratory gases in the alveoli and capillaries. So moving molecules (CO2 and O2 from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration)
What does the medulla oblongata do for respiration?
Automatic control of respiration (sets breathing rhythm)
What does the cerebral cortex do for respiration?
Voluntary control of respiration
What is hypoxia?
Inadequate oxygenation of the tissues, which leads to deoxygenation at the cellular level
What does an incentive spirometer help with?
Preventing atelactasis
