Circulation and Oxygenation

Question 1

What is systole?

Answer 1

The period of ventricular contraction

Question 2

What is diastole?

Answer 2

The period of ventricular filling

Question 3

What is S1?

Answer 3

Closure of AV valves- semilunar valves open and blood flows from the ventricles into the pulmonary artery and aorta

Question 4

What is S2?

Answer 4

Closure of semilunar valves- AV valves open and blood flows from atria to ventricles

Question 5

Patients with valve disease might have what?

Answer 5

A murmur

Question 6

What is troponin?

Answer 6

The cardiac markers of choice for patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome

Question 7

Why is troponin significant?

Answer 7

It is the central cardiac enzyme for determining if a patient is having a myocardial infarction (MI)

Question 8

What is the average BPM of SA node?

Answer 8

60-100 bpm

Question 9

What is the average BPM of AV node?

Answer 9

40-60 bpm

Question 10

What is the average BPM of Bundle of His and Purkinje fibers?

Answer 10

20-40 bpm

Question 11

What does an ECG (electrocardiogram) measure?

Answer 11

Reflects electrical activity of the conduction system

Question 12

What happens during polarization?

Answer 12

K+ (chief intracellular ion) leaks out of cell

Question 13

What happens during depolarization?

Answer 13

Inflow of Na+ (chief extra ion)

Question 14

What happens during repolarization?

Answer 14

Return of the cell to resting state

Question 15

What are the three components of the ECG?

Answer 15

P wave, QRS wave, T wave

Question 16

What happens with atrial fibrillation?

Answer 16

sites in atria firing 400-600 times/minute

Question 17

What is cardiac output?

Answer 17

Volume of blood pumped by the heart each minute

Question 18

What is the formula for cardiac output?

Answer 18

CO=HR (heart rate) x SV (stroke volume)

Question 19

What is angina pectoris?

Answer 19

Transient imbalance between the myocardial O2 supply and demand

Question 20

What is a myocardial infarction?

Answer 20

Absence of O2 supply to the myocardium resulting in myocardial tissue necrosis

Question 21

What are the three steps of respiration?

Answer 21

Ventilation, perfusion, and diffusion

Question 22

What is ventilation?

Answer 22

The process of moving gases into and out of the lungs

Question 23

What is the ideal CO2 and arterial 02 in ventilation?

Answer 23

CO2-Between 35-45 mmHg

Arterial O2-Between 95-100 mmHg

Question 24

What is perfusion?

Answer 24

The process of pumping oxygenated blood into the tissues and returning de-oxygenated blood to the lungs

Question 25

What is diffusion?

Answer 25

Exchange of respiratory gases in the alveoli and capillaries. So moving molecules (CO2 and O2 from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration)

Question 26

What does the medulla oblongata do for respiration?

Answer 26

Automatic control of respiration (sets breathing rhythm)

Question 27

What does the cerebral cortex do for respiration?

Answer 27

Voluntary control of respiration

Question 28

What is hypoxia?

Answer 28

Inadequate oxygenation of the tissues, which leads to deoxygenation at the cellular level

Question 29

What does an incentive spirometer help with?

Answer 29

Preventing atelactasis