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Bio 186 > circulation > Flashcards

circulation Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the components of the the circulatory system? (3)

A

pumps, vessels and circulatory fluid

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2
Q

What are the functions of the circulatory system?

A

maintenance of homeostasis

mass transport of solutes and cells

transport of heat

transmission of force

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3
Q

What is the cardiac cycle?

A

one complete sequence of pumping and filling

inherent activity of the heart can be modified by outside influences

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4
Q

What is systolic

?

A

heart muscles contracts, chambers pump blood

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5
Q

What is the diastole?

A

heart muscle is relaxed, chambers fill with blood

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6
Q

Regulation of the cardiac cycle four steps?

A

1) signal from SA node spread through atria
2) signal is delayed at AV node
3) bundle branches pass signals to heart apex
4) signals spread throughout ventricles

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7
Q

blood returns to the heart via what?

A

due to contractions of skeletal muscles

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8
Q

what do one way valves do?

A

ensure direction of blood flow towards heart

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9
Q

Hoe does blood return back to the heart?

A

due to contractions of skeletal muscles

one way valves in veins ensure direction of blood flow towards heart

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10
Q

regulation of blood flow:

A

blood volume < systemic volume

blood flow is directed at active tissues

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11
Q

what are the control mechanisms of blood flow?

A

relaxing/ contracting of precapillary sphincters

constriction/ dilation of arteriols

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12
Q

The lymphatic system:

functions of lymph system?

A

fluid balance- there is a net leakage of fluid and proteins from blood capillaries
-lymph capillaries collect lost fluid and return it to blood

Defence: lymph nodes have efence cells

Lymph capillaries pick up fat absorbed by the small intestine, transfer it to blood

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13
Q

The lymphatic system:

How does movement work?

A

one way valves, contraction of skeletal muscles

lymph does not circulate in a closed circuit

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14
Q

The lymphatic system:

what is thymus?

A

the site of maturation of T lymphocytes (immune system)

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15
Q

The lymphatic system:

what are tonsils, what do they do?

A

handle infections in the mouth

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16
Q

The lymphatic system:

what does the spleen do?

A

defence

red blood cell destruction

blood reservoir

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17
Q

Blood:

composition?

A

cellular elements

plasma: blood minus the cells

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18
Q

blood:

Volume?

A

heart rate (approx. 70 beats/min) x stroke volume (75mn) –> 5.25 L/min

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19
Q

Blood:

Hematocrit?

A

packed cell volume

the normal value 45% is regulated

departures are either adaptive or pathological

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20
Q

What is the origin of cellular elements in the blood?

A

from pluripotent stem cells in bone marrow

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21
Q

What are leukocytes?

A

defense and immunity 5000-10000/mm3

22
Q

what are erythrocytes?

A

O2 and Co2 transport5-6 millionmm3

23
Q

What are platelets?

A

blood clotters 250000-400000/mm3

24
Q

Erythrocytes:

shape?

A

biconcave disk

small size

large surface area

25
Q

Erythrocytes:

content?

A

Hemoglobin

spectrin

glycolytic enzyme

carbonic anhydrase

no organelles or ribosomes

mammals: no nucleaus

26
Q

Erythrocytes

what is spectrin?

A

predominant component of the membrane skeleton

27
Q

Erythrocytes

what is glycolytic enzyme?

A

active carb metabolism

28
Q

Erythrocytes

what is carbonic anhydrase?

A

catalyzes CO2 bicarbonate

29
Q

what is the process of the formation of erythrocytes?

A

takes four days, from stem cell to erythrocyte

begins in bone marrow, completed in circulating blood

initiated when not enough O2 reaches tissue

30
Q

What is the rate of formation of erythrocytes?

A

100 million cells per minute

normally balanced with erythrocyte destruction

can exceed destruction under conditions of tissue oxygen deficiency

31
Q

Destruction of erythrocytes

A

break apart in capillaries due to mechanical stress

eaten by macrophages in spleen and liver

32
Q

Human red blood cells:

life time?

A

life of 120 days

lack mitochondria and nucleus

33
Q

Blood loss protection:

in severe blood loss

A

decrease in blood pressure will result in decrease blood flow from damaged area

constriction of blood vessels –> decrease blood flow

coagulation

34
Q

Blood loss can be halted by what?

A

platelet plugs(form first)

fibrin clots (form later)

35
Q

What are platelets activated by?

A

exposed collagen fibers in damaged tissue of vessel wall

foreign surfaces

thrombin

36
Q

What do platelets do upon activation?

A

form platelet plug

release clotting factors

change shape

37
Q

what do platelets contain?

A

actin and myosin to help contract

chmicals that help the coagulation process to begin

chemicals that attract other platelets

chemicals that stimulate blood vessel repair

chmicalls that stabalize blood clot

38
Q

What is stage 1 of clot formation?

A

sensing of damage

clotting factors released from platelets are injured tissue

plasma protein sythesized in liver circulate in inactive form

39
Q

What is stage two of clot formation?

A

Thrombin Activation

  • thrombin is enzyme absent from circulating blood
  • prothrombin circulates in plasma

thrombin –> fibrinogen –> fibrin

40
Q

Stage three of clot formation

A

clot formation

platelets
-release substance that cause contraction of blood vessels

  • sticky platlets form plug
  • initiate formation of fibrin clot

Fibrinogen - soluble protein in plasma

fibrin- insoluble, fibrous protein

clot seals wound intil vessel wall heals

41
Q

clotting dynamic:

opposing clotting

A

heparin

  • anticlotting agent
42
Q

clotting dynamic

favoring clotting

A

activated platlets, activated blood factors, thrombin, fibrin

43
Q

Clot dissolution is caused by what?

A

Fibrinolysis causes dissolution of fibrin and thrombus

44
Q

What is plasmin?

A

main enzyme of fibrinolysis

cleaves fibrin in multiple locations

acts to dissolve a fibrin clot

produced in inactive form in the liver

45
Q

What is plasminogen?

A

cannot cleave fibrin, but has an affinity for it

incorporated into the clot when it is formed

46
Q

Clot lysis is what?

A

complex process involving protocolytic enzymes, activators and inhibitors of plasmin and other proteases

47
Q

Cardiovascular disease:

LDL

HDL

A

LDL dilivers cholesterol to cells for membrane production

HDH scavanges excess cholesterol for return to the liver

48
Q

When is there a risk of heart risk?

A

high LDL to HDL ratio

als inflammation

49
Q

What are atherosclerosis caused by

A

the buildup of fatty deposits within arteries

50
Q

What is heart attack or myocardial infraction?

A

damage or death of cardiac muscle tissue resulting from blockage of one or more coronary arteries, whcih supply O2 rich blood to heart muscles

51
Q

What is angina pecoris

A

chest pain caused by partial blockage of the coronary artery

52
Q

What is a stroke?

A

death of nervous tissue in the brain, usually resulting from rupture or blockage or arteries in the head

effect of stroke depends on the extent and location of damaged brain tissue

Bio 186 (18 decks)

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