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Bio 186 > animal form and function pt 2 > Flashcards

animal form and function pt 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

what are regulators?

A

uses mechanisms of homeostasis to moderate internal change in the face of external fluctuations ex. endotherms thermoregulate

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2
Q

what are conformers?

A

allows some conditions within its body to vary with cetiain external changes ex. spider crabs osmoconform

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3
Q

What is osmoregulation?

A

management of the bodies water content and solute composition

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4
Q

What is osmosis

A

diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

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5
Q

what is molarity?

A

moles of solute/ volume of water

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6
Q

what is osmolarity?

A

osmoles of solute particcles/ volume

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7
Q

what is osmolality?

A

osmoles of solute/ KG

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8
Q

what is isosmotic with medium?

A

body fluids = same osmotic pressure as medium

most marine invertebrates

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9
Q

what is hyperosmotic?

A

osmotic concentration higher than medium

freshwater organisms

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10
Q

what is hypoosmotic?

A

osmotic concentration lower than medium

marine bony fish

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11
Q

What is an osmoconformer?

A

animal that does not actively adjust its internal osmolarity because is it isoosmotic with its environment

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12
Q

Osmoregulator is what?

A

animal whose body fluid has a different osmolarity than that of the environment

anima

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13
Q

Osmoregulator

animals that live in a hypoosmotic environment must do what?

A

discharge exces water

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14
Q

Osmoregulator

animals that live in a hyperosmotic environment must do what?

A

take in water

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15
Q

Osmoregulator

how do Osmoregulator
control internal osmolarity?

A

expenditure of energy

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16
Q

Fresh water animals:

what are they?

A

osmoregulators

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17
Q

Fresh water animals:

how do they gain and lose water?

how do they regain

what do they excrete?

A

gain: osmosis and food
lose: salts by diffusion and in urin
regain: salts in food and by active uptake from surroundings

excrete large amounts of dilute urine

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18
Q

Water balance in the ocean:

most marine invertebrates are what?

A

osmoconformers

cnform to osmolarity of ocean but regulate internal ionic composition

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19
Q

Water balance in the ocean:

most marine vertebrates are what?

A

osmoregulator

lose water by osmosis

gain water and salt in food and drinking seawater

dispose of salt by active transport out of gills and in urine

produce small amounts of urine

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20
Q

Animals that move between fresh and salt water:

what are stenohaline?

what are euryhaline?

A

stenohaline: organisms that cannot tolerate substantial changes in external osmolarity
euryhaline: organisms that CAN tolerate substantial changes in external osmolarity

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21
Q

water balance and waste disposal depends on what?

A

epithelia

animals regulate solute content of body fluid that bathes their cells

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22
Q

water balance and waste disposal:

transport epithelium is what?

A

layers of specialized cells that regulate solute movements

most important feature: ability to move specific solutes in controlled amounts in particular directions

cells joined by tight junctions

in most animals they are arranged into tubular networks with extensive surface area

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23
Q

what is an example of transport epithelia in osmoregulators?

A

nasal glands of marine birds remove excess sodium chloride from blood

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24
Q

What is anhydrobiosis?

A

“life without water” ability to survive in a dormant state when an organism’s habitat dries up

ex. tardigrade

25
Q

what three elements make up the homeostatic system?

A

sensor- perceives change

integrator- control center

effector- brings about response

26
Q

what are two types of control circits?

A

negative feedback- change counteracted (most common)

positive feedback- change augmented

27
Q

Alterations in homeostasis:

regulated change is what?

A

in internal environment essential to normal body functions (ex. hormone shift in puberty)

28
Q

Alterations in homeostasis:

circadian rhythm is what?

A

physiological cycle of 24 hr in animals and plants

persists even in absense of external cues

29
Q

Alterations in homeostasis:

acclimation

A

physiological adjustment to a change in a single environmental factor

protein change in response to temp

30
Q

Alterations in homeostasis:

acclimatization

A

physiological adjustment to change in complex environmental factors

ex. change in altitude and O2 level

31
Q

Thermoregulation is what? what are the four physical processes that account for heat loss or gain?

A

regulation of body temp

1 conduction
2 convection
3 radiation
4 evaporation

32
Q

What is evaporative cooling?

A

the property of a liquid whereby the surface becomes cooler during evaporation, owing to a loss of highly kinetic molecules to the gaseous state

33
Q

Thermal stratagies:

what are the two main ones?

A

tolerance : body temp is allowed to vary with ambient temperature

regulation: body temp does not vary with ambient temp

34
Q

based on the source of thermal energy what are the two classes?

A

Ectotherm - environment determines body temp

Endotherm - animal generates internal heat to maintain body temp

35
Q

Based on stability of body temp there are two classes what are they?

A

poikilotherm- variable body temp

Homeotherm- stable body temp

36
Q

What is the cost of ectothermy?

A

inability to physiologically regulate body temo

restricted in geographical regions with appropriare ambient temp

very limited time of high activity/energy bursts

not as good at avoiding predators thought “flight”

37
Q

What are the benifits of Ectothermy?

A

lower metabolic rates

slower, low energy appoach to life

require less food and water

can function with much smaller body masses than endotherms

38
Q

What are the costs to endothermy?

A

considerable metabolic cost; high rate

requires consumption of large quantities of food and water

very susceptible to dehydration in hot/dry climates

only small amount of energy budgeted for growth and reproduction

small body size is rare due to surface area constraints on heat loss

39
Q

benefits of endothermy?

A

can sustain long period of intense activity

enzymes function optimally in narrow range of body temps

can be active at times of day or year that are too cold for ectotherms

not limited to geographic areas

more likely to survive weather fluctuations

40
Q

Circulatory adaptations

vasodilation is what? results in what? triggered by what?

A

increase in diameter of superficial blood vessels

results in elevated blood flow in the skin

triggered by nerve signals that relax the muscles of the vessel wall

in endotherms, usually wams skin increasing the transfer of body heat to cool environment

41
Q

Circulatory adaptations

vasoconstriction is what?

A

decrease in the diameter of superficial vessels

reduces blood flow and heat transfer

42
Q

what are countercurrent heat exchangers?

A

special arrangement of blood vessels

they facilitate heat transfer from arteries to veins

help trap heat in the body core

important in reducing heat loss in many endotherms

43
Q

Examples of cooling by evaporation heat loss?

behavioural responses?

A

sweating, panting, mucus secretion

change in posture, or moving about environment

44
Q

how do animals balance heat loss and gain?

A

insulation

adaptation to circulatory system (vaso dilation/constriction)

countercurrent heat exchange

evaporative cooling

behaviour

45
Q

how to animals balance heat gain and loss?

A

adjust metabolic heat production

producing heat

high basal metabolic rate
-production of large amounts of metabolic heat that replaces the flow of heat to the environment

shivering thermogenesis
- increase muscle activity–> increase heat production

nonshivering thermogenesis

  • increase metabolic rate due to hormones
  • increase mitochondrial activity –> produce heat instead of ATP
  • brown fat specialized for rapid heat production

temporary/ seasonal endothermy

body size- large helps retain metabolic heat

46
Q

What is the feedback mechanism in thermoregulation in mammals

A

hypothalamus functions as thermostat

sensory cells signal to it when temp changes

it will activate or inhibit different mechanisms

47
Q

Bioenergetics of animals:

animals are heterotrophs that harvest chemical energy from food

ingested energy will be used for what?

A

work

stored

excreted

released as heat

48
Q

Bioenergetics of animals:

heat production in animals is what?

A

usless for doing work

useful for maintaining body temp

49
Q

What is the metabolic rate?

A

amount of energy an animal uses in a unit time; sum of all the energy requiring biochemical reactions occuring over a given time interval

50
Q

How can metabolic rate be mesured?

A

by monitoring an animals rate of heat loss

O2 consumption

CO2 production

51
Q

What is Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

A

stable rate of energy metabolism measured in mammals and birds under conditions of minimum environmental and physiological stress

52
Q

What is standard metabolic rate (SMB)

A

a measure that is similar to BMR but used for an animal with varying body temp that is maintained at a selected body temp

in other words:

an animals resting and fasting metabolism at a given body temp

53
Q

Adjustment to changing temp and seasonal changes: acclimation and acclimatization?

A

production of stress induced proteins ex. heat shock proteins

54
Q

Adjustment to changing temp and seasonal changes: acclimation and acclimatization

in birds?

A

adjusting the amount of insulation

varying the capacity for metabolic heat production

55
Q

Adjustment to changing temp and seasonal changes: acclimation and acclimatization

in ectotherms

A

adjustment at the cellular level

production of cryoprotectants

56
Q

What is Torpor?

A

physiological state in which activity is low and metabolism decreases

57
Q

What is hibernation?

A

long-term torpor evolved as an adaptation to wonter cold and food scarcity

ex. bears squirrels

58
Q

What is estivation?

A

summer torpor also characterized by slow metabolism and inactivity

ex. amphibians, fish interrbrates

59
Q

who does daily torpor?

A

hummingbirds

Bio 186 (18 decks)

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