Cht. 9 interaction Flashcards
what is discourse analysis?
when researchers look at the structure of a conversation and what it reveals about the roles of people in it
what have cultures developed in regard to interaction?
they have norms for the interaction (AKA speech event) in certain circumstances involving speech (AKA speech situations)
what does the acronym SPEAKING stand for?
S: setting/scene
P: participants
E: ends (purpose of event)
A: act sequence (content)
K: key (tone)
I: instrumentalities (mode, type)
N: norms
G: genres (category of event)
what is communicative competence?
knowing how to do things with words in different speech acts
in what ways can you use a language?
referential: to get info from speaker to hearer
expressive: to express feelings
directive: to get someone to do something
phatic: to express empathy/solidarity
what is an adjacency pair?
a common sequence structure (question-answer, compliment-acceptance, offer-refusal)
what is a discourse marker?
a word or phrase, not part of the sentence’s structure, to help guide a conversation
what is a negative and positive face
negative face = the right to be alone (minimizing interactions)
positive face = right to have yourself and your opinion valued (compliments)
what are the differences between a negative or positive face?
negative face is being nice by backing off/butting out and a positive face is being nice by being casual or friendly
how can an interaction be unbalanced?
power relationship (social standing of each participant), solidarity (participants have a shared status), status (maintaining a difference and highlighting a social distance)
how are unbalances in interactions found?
by forms of address, how do participants call each other
how can you express different power relationships through the use of “you”
T form (tú): used reciprocally by close friends and family
V form (vous): used reciprocally by distant friends of roughly equal status
how can you express closeness
reciprocal naming (friends calling someone by their first name) or unreciprocal naming (teacher calls you by first name but you say title)
what is no-naming?
a way to address someone without using any address forms at all (title)
