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8 History > Chs. 1-4 Final review > Flashcards

Chs. 1-4 Final review Flashcards

1
Q

Portuguese explorer; started Center for Astronomy and Geography

A

Henry the Navigator

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2
Q

Portuguese explorer; found water route to eastern Asia

A

Vasco de Gama

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3
Q

Portuguese explorer; reached southern tip of Africa

A

Bartholomew Dias

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4
Q

two major European encounters with America

A

Vikings (1000 AD), Columbus (1492)

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5
Q

Italian navigator; navigated using Ptolemy’s geography

A

Chris Columbus

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6
Q

What monarchs sent Columbus to search for India?

A

Ferdinand and Isabella (Spain)

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7
Q

two things set by Treaty of Tordesillas

A
  • Portugal gets route around Africa and India

- Spain gets new lands of America

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8
Q

three famous Spanish explorers

A
  • Ponce de Leon
  • Vasco de Balboa
  • Magellan
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9
Q

Spanish explorer; discovered Florida

A

Ponce de Leon

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10
Q

Spanish explorer; first European to reach Pacific coast of North America

A

Vasco de Balboa

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11
Q

Spanish explorer; first to circumnavigate the globe

A

Magellan

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12
Q

exchanges between Old World (Europe) and New World (Americas)

A

Columbian Exchange

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13
Q

things exchanged during Columbian Exchange

A

crops, disease, money, slaves

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14
Q

He led the Spanish conquest of the Aztec

A

Hernan Cortes

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15
Q

Spanish captain who overthrew the Incan ruler and tried to institute Christianity

A

Pizarro

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16
Q

In Mexico and Peru, Spanish explorers enslaved Native __, spread ___ and conquered two civilizations

A

Americans, disease

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17
Q

What advantage did the Spanish have over Native Americans?

A

technology - weapons (guns, swords, cannons)

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18
Q

Spanish for “conqueror,” the men who led the expeditions to conquer the Americas

A

conquistador

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19
Q

low-ranking nobles who came to America as conquistadors

A

hidalgo

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20
Q

system of rewarding conquistadors tracts of land, including the right to tax and exact labor from Native Americans

A

encomienda

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21
Q

a huge ranch

A

hacienda

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22
Q

French explorer, founded Quebec as capital of New France

A

Samuel de Champlain

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23
Q

French explorer of the Great Lakes and Mississippi River and claimed it for France; named it Louisiana

A

de La Salle

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24
Q

split in the Church started by Martin Luther; led English religious groups to Americas

A

Protestant Reformation

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25
Q

English Protestants; left England because of religious persecution

A

Puritans

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26
Q

pilgrims on Mayflower who came to Plymouth

A

Puritans

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27
Q

French explorer, discovered St. Lawrence River

A

Jacques Cartier

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28
Q

organization in which many investors pool funds to raise large amounts of money for large projects

A

joint-stock company

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29
Q

this booming market in England forced many tenants off their land

A

wool

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30
Q

English explorer who landed in N. America and named that land Virginia in honor of the queen (the Virgin Queen)

A

Sir Walter Raleigh

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31
Q

first permanent English settlement in North America

A

Jamestown

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32
Q

first English colony in North America; it mysteriously vanished

A

Roanoke

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33
Q

the crop that saved Jamestown

A

tobacco

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34
Q

two sides in the English Civil War

A

Parliament (Roundheads) vs. King Charles I

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35
Q

5 New England colonies

A

Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Hampshire, Maine

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36
Q

battle between Native Americans and New England colonists

A

King Philip’s War

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37
Q

5 Southern colones

A

Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia

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38
Q

3 southern cash crops

A

tobacco, rice, indigo

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39
Q

people who promised to work in America in exchange for a free trip from Europe

A

indentured servants

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40
Q

large commercial estates in the South where many workers lived and grew crops for the owner

A

plantation

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41
Q

wealthy landowners in the South

A

gentry

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42
Q

farming just enough crops to feed yourself and your family

A

subsistence farming

43
Q

Southern farmers who rented land from richer landowners

A

tenant farmers

44
Q

battle between poor tenant farmers and the House of Burgesses for control of Jamestown

A

Bacon’s Rebellion

45
Q

two results of Bacon’s Rebellion

A
  • increase in slaves (because they would never need land)

- wealthy planters realized poorer farmers needed land

46
Q

slave trade route across the Atlantic Ocean

A

Middle Passage

47
Q

set of laws that defined slavery

A

slave code

48
Q

6 important businesses in New England and Middle Colonies

A

farming, fishing, whaling, shipbuilding, lumbering, barrel making

49
Q

strictly religious people of New England

50
Q

Puritan meetings where men could vote on local issues

A

town meetings

51
Q

trade system between New England and the Caribbean

A

triangular trade

52
Q

In triangular trade, New England exchanged ___ and ___ for ___ from the Caribbean

A

fish and lumber for sugar

53
Q

businesspeople who risked their own money to make a profit

A

entrepreneurs

54
Q

skilled workers who made goods to sell

55
Q

people who invested their money in new businesses

A

capitalists

56
Q

three classes in New England society

A

1 - wealthy entrepreneurs
2 - middle class small farmers
3 - land renters and wage workers

57
Q

three central ideas of mercantilism

A

1 - a country become wealthy by collecting gold

2 - collect gold by selling goods to other countries

3 - collect raw materials by setting up colonies, then sell them finished goods

58
Q

How did England benefit from the colonies?

A

England collected raw materials from the colonies, then sold them finished goods

59
Q

How did the colonies benefit from mercantilism?

A

Colonies could always sell their raw materials to England, BUT they weren’t allowed to sell their goods to other countries

60
Q

laws passed by Charles II to limit colonial trade and bring wealth to England

A

Navigation Acts

61
Q

Navigation Act requiring that any goods headed for the colonies must first go to England

A

Staple Act

62
Q

results of the Navigation Acts

A

colonies sometimes ignored the laws and smuggled for trade

63
Q

overthrow of James II by William and Mary

A

Glorious Revolution

64
Q

enacted by William and Mary, it listed rights of the people

A

British Bill of Rights

65
Q

enacted by William and Mary, it granted freedom to worship to Protestants but not Catholics

A

Toleration Act

66
Q

philosopher who wrote that all men have natural rights to life, liberty, property

A

John Locke

67
Q

war between French and British over America; Native Americans first sided with the French but withdrew support when the British strength grew.

A

French and Indian War

68
Q

1754, seven colonies met with 150 Iroquois leaders to negotiate an alliance

A

Albany Conference

69
Q

Albany Plan of Union

A

while the Iroquois refused an alliance with the British, they agreed to remain neutral

70
Q

forbade all settlers from settling past a line drawn along the Appalachian Mountains

A

Proclamation of 1763

71
Q

a tax on imports and exports

A

customs duty

72
Q

law that increased tax rates for raw sugar imports and allowed British officials to seize goods without due process

73
Q

law that put a tax on all printed materials; eventually repealed after boycott

74
Q

a pledge by merchants not to buy imported goods from a particular source

A

nonimportation agreement

75
Q

an organization of revolutionaries who opposed the Stamp Act

A

Sons of Liberty

76
Q

forced the colonies to pay more for their own defense and to provide housing for British troops

A

Quartering Act

77
Q

law that asserted England’s authority over the colonies

A

Declaratory Act

78
Q

series of laws passed to increase taxes and raise money for Britain

A

Townshend Acts

79
Q

a search warrant enabling customs officers to enter any location to look for evidence of smuggling

A

writ of assistance

80
Q

group of women colonists who boycotted British goods following the Townshend Acts

A

Daughters of Liberty

81
Q

incident in which British troops fired on protesters in Boston

A

Boston Massacre

82
Q

occurred when a British ship chasing colonial smugglers was attacked in Rhode Island

A

Gaspee Affair

83
Q

committee organized in each colony to communicate with and unify the colonies

A

committee of correspondence

84
Q

a protest (1773) against the British duty on tea imported by the American colonies; colonists disguised as Indians boarded British ships in Boston harbor and dumped the tea overboard

A

Boston Tea Party

85
Q

Parliament passed laws to punish Massachusetts and to end colonial independence; these laws were also known as the Coercive Acts and the Quebec Act

A

Intolerable Acts

86
Q

Parliament laws to punish and control the colonies: (1) Massachusetts had to pay for all of the ruined tea (2) officials were to be appointed by the governor and no longer elected (3) town meetings were banned (4) local officials were required to provide lodging for British soldiers

A

Coercive Acts

87
Q

Parliament passed the law in 1774 that the king would run Quebec via his appointees. It also gave more territory to Quebec; if colonists moved west, they had no elected representation

A

Quebec Act

88
Q

First Continental Congress’s document claiming loyalty to the king but protesting certain acts

A

Declaration of Rights and Grievances

89
Q

companies of civilian soldiers who boasted they were ready to fight on a minute’s notice

90
Q

colonists loyal to the king

91
Q

American colonist who supported the War for Independence

92
Q

Representatives from the colonies met in Philadelphia in June, 1775 and addressed the issue of defense by adopting the militia army and renaming it the Continental Army with George Washington as general and commander in chief.

A

Second Continental Congress

93
Q

first battles of Revolutionary War; colonial victories

A

Lexington and Concord

94
Q

American militia successfully turned back two British advances in Boston on 6/16/1775

A

Battle of Bunker Hill

95
Q

Second Continental Congress’s attempt to prevent war by reaffirming loyalty to Britain

A

Olive Branch Petition

96
Q

author of Common Sense

A

Thomas Paine

97
Q

The formal statement, composed by Thomas Jefferson and endorsed by the Second Continental Congress, on July 4, 1776, declaring the thirteen American colonies free and independent of England.

A

Declaration of Independence

98
Q

a hit-and-run technique used in fighting a war; fighting by small bands of warriors using tactics such as sudden ambushes

A

guerilla warfare

99
Q

American merchant who financed the Revolutionary War

A

Robert Morris

100
Q

American victory in the war that turned around morale and convinced France to commit troops to aid America

A

Battle of Saratoga

101
Q

major battle near the end of the Revolutionary War when the British began to attach southern colonies; British victory

A

Battle of Charleston

102
Q

1781 battle that ended the war

A

Battle of Yorktown

103
Q

treaty that ended the Revolutionary War, giving the US control of all North America

A

Treaty of Paris

8 History (8 decks)

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