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USMLE STEP 2 and 3 > Chronic Kidney Disease > Flashcards

Chronic Kidney Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What is chronic kidney disease (CKD)?

A

A progressive loss of kidney function over a period of months or years.

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2
Q

What is the primary cause of CKD?

A

Diabetes mellitus and hypertension.

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3
Q

What is the definition of stage 1 CKD?

A

Kidney damage with normal or increased GFR (≥ 90 mL/min/1.73 m²).

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4
Q

What is the definition of stage 5 CKD?

A

Kidney failure with GFR < 15 mL/min/1.73 m², requiring dialysis or transplantation.

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5
Q

True or False: CKD is reversible.

A

False.

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6
Q

What is the most common symptom of CKD?

A

Fatigue.

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7
Q

Fill in the blank: The primary test used to assess kidney function is the _______.

A

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR).

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8
Q

What is the significance of proteinuria in CKD?

A

It indicates kidney damage and correlates with disease progression.

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9
Q

What dietary modification is often recommended for CKD patients?

A

Reducing protein intake.

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10
Q

What classification system is used to stage CKD?

A

The Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) classification.

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11
Q

What is the target blood pressure for patients with CKD?

A

Less than 130/80 mmHg.

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12
Q

True or False: CKD can lead to cardiovascular disease.

A

True.

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13
Q

What is a common complication of CKD related to bone health?

A

Renal osteodystrophy.

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14
Q

What is the role of erythropoietin in CKD?

A

It stimulates red blood cell production, which is often deficient in CKD.

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15
Q

What is the recommended initial treatment for hypertension in CKD patients?

A

ACE inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs).

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16
Q

What laboratory test is used to monitor CKD progression?

A

Serum creatinine.

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17
Q

What is the significance of a 24-hour urine collection in CKD?

A

It helps assess kidney function and proteinuria levels.

18
Q

What stage of CKD is characterized by mildly decreased GFR (60-89 mL/min/1.73 m²)?

A

Stage 2 CKD.

19
Q

What is the common term for the accumulation of waste products due to CKD?

A

Uremia.

20
Q

What lifestyle change can help manage CKD?

A

Smoking cessation.

21
Q

What is the primary goal of CKD management?

A

To slow disease progression and manage complications.

22
Q

Fill in the blank: The presence of _______ in urine is a marker for kidney injury.

A

Albumin.

23
Q

What imaging study is commonly used to evaluate kidney structure?

A

Ultrasound.

24
Q

What is the key laboratory finding in end-stage renal disease (ESRD)?

A

Significantly elevated serum creatinine levels.

25
Q

True or False: All patients with CKD progress to dialysis.

A

False.

26
Q

What are the two main types of dialysis?

A

Hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis.

27
Q

When is dialysis initiated for CKD?

A

The initiation of chronic hemodialysis for CKD is typically delayed until the estimated glomerular filtration rate reaches 7.5-15 mL/min/1.73 m? (sometimes lower) or complications of CKD (eg, uremic symptoms, volume overload) become unmanageable with medications alone.

28
Q

What is the role of nephrology in CKD?

A

To provide specialized care for patients with kidney diseases.

29
Q

What is the effect of CKD on potassium levels?

A

It can lead to hyperkalemia (elevated potassium levels).

30
Q

What is the common term for the build-up of fluid in tissues due to CKD?

A

Edema.

31
Q

What is the recommended frequency for monitoring kidney function in CKD patients?

A

At least once a year.

32
Q

What is a common cardiovascular complication associated with CKD?

A

Heart failure.

33
Q

Fill in the blank: CKD can lead to _______ due to imbalances in calcium and phosphate.

A

Bone disease.

34
Q

What is the primary prevention strategy for CKD?

A

Control of diabetes and hypertension.

35
Q

What is the term for the clinical syndrome characterized by the accumulation of nitrogenous waste products in the blood?

A

Uremia. This can progress to pericarditis and bleeding diaphysis.

36
Q

What dietary component should be limited in CKD due to its effect on blood pressure?

A

Sodium.

37
Q

What is the potential benefit of a renal transplant in CKD?

A

Restoration of kidney function.

38
Q

What is the primary goal of pharmacologic therapy in CKD?

A

To manage symptoms and prevent complications.

39
Q

What is the role of calcium and vitamin D supplementation in CKD?

A

To prevent bone disease and manage mineral imbalances.

40
Q

Fill in the blank: Regular _______ is important to monitor CKD progression.

A

Follow-up.

USMLE STEP 2 and 3 (187 decks)

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