Calcium Flashcards

1
Q

What is the normal range for serum calcium?

A

8.5–10.5 mg/dL.

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2
Q

How is calcium distributed in the blood?

A
  • 45% is bound to albumin
  • 40% is ionized (physiologically active)
  • 15% is bound to organic anions
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3
Q

Why is ionized calcium the most physiologically relevant?

A

Ionized calcium is hormonally regulated and directly affects neuromuscular and cardiac function.

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4
Q

How does serum calcium change with acidosis and alkalosis (metabolic or respiratory)?

A
  • Acidosis will increase ionized calcium
  • Alkalosis will decrease ionized calcium
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5
Q

What pathological states alter the serum protein levels leading to changes in calcium?

A
  • primary hyperparathyroidism
  • chronic kidney disease
  • multiple myeloma (elevated proteins can increase corrected calcium)
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6
Q

How does serum albumin affect total calcium levels?

A

For every 1 g/dL decrease in albumin, the total serum calcium decreases by 0.8 mg/dL.

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7
Q

How do you calculate corrected calcium?

A

Corrected Ca (mg/dL) = (4 - Serum Albumin) x 0.8 + Measured Ca

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8
Q

What is the definition of hypocalcemia?

A

Serum calcium <8.5 mg/dL.

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9
Q

What are the neuromuscular signs of hypocalcemia?

A
  • Irritability
  • Tetany
  • Perioral paresthesias
  • Muscle cramps
  • Chvostek’s sign (facial twitching)
  • Trousseau’s sign (carpal spasm)
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10
Q

What are the cardiac signs of hypocalcemia?

A

Prolonged QT interval, which can progress to Torsades de Pointes.

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11
Q

What are the two major categories of hypocalcemia?

A
  • Low PTH (hypoparathyroidism)
  • High PTH (secondary causes)
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12
Q

What are the causes of hypocalcemia with low PTH?

A
  1. Post-surgical (parathyroidectomy)
  2. Autoimmune hypoparathyroidism
  3. Infiltrative diseases (hemochromatosis, Wilson’s disease, sarcoidosis).
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13
Q

What laboratory findings are seen in hypoparathyroidism?

A
  • Inappropriately low to normal PTH
  • Low calcium
  • High phosphate
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14
Q

What are the causes of hypocalcemia with high PTH?

A
  1. Vitamin D deficiency
  2. Chronic kidney disease
  3. Acute pancreatitis
  4. Tumor lysis syndrome
  5. Hypomagnesemia
  6. Citrate from blood transfusions
  7. Pseudohypoparathyroidism
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15
Q

What is the treatment for hypocalcemia due to chronic kidney disease?

A
  • Calcium supplementation
  • Vitamin D analogs (calcitriol)
  • Phosphate binders if hyperphosphatemia is present
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16
Q

How does acute pancreatitis cause hypocalcemia?

A

Pancreatic lipases release free fatty acids, which bind calcium and precipitate as soaps.

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17
Q

How does tumor lysis syndrome cause hypocalcemia?

A

Hyperphosphatemia from tumor lysis binds calcium, leading to hypocalcemia.

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18
Q

Why does hypomagnesemia lead to hypocalcemia?

A

Magnesium is necessary for PTH secretion; low Mg inhibits PTH release, leading to hypocalcemia.

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19
Q

How does vitamin D affect calcium levels?

A
  • Dietary intake
  • Liver metabolism
  • Renal metabolism
  • Modulation of PTH
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20
Q

How does citrate in blood transfusions cause hypocalcemia?

A

Citrate binds calcium, reducing ionized calcium levels and leading to symptomatic hypocalcemia.

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21
Q

What is the treatment for symptomatic severe hypocalcemia (Ca <7.5 mg/dL)?

A

Intravenous calcium gluconate is used to treat acutely symptomatic hypocalcemia (eg, oral paresthesias, carpopedal spasm, tetany, seizures).

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22
Q

What is the first-line treatment for severe symptomatic hypocalcemia (Ca <7.5 mg/dL or severe symptoms)?

A

IV calcium gluconate or calcium chloride, administered slowly to prevent cardiac arrhythmias.

23
Q

What is the treatment for mild or asymptomatic hypocalcemia?

A

Oral calcium and vitamin D supplementation.

24
Q

What are the oral medication options for moderate hypocalcemia (Ca 7.5-8.5 mg/dL, mild symptoms)?

A

Oral calcium supplementation (calcium carbonate or calcium citrate) with vitamin D.

25
Q

Why is vitamin D supplementation necessary in hypocalcemia treatment?

A

Vitamin D increases intestinal calcium absorption and prevents recurrence of hypocalcemia.

26
Q

What must be corrected before calcium in patients with hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia?

A

Magnesium, as low Mg inhibits PTH secretion.

27
Q

What should be corrected first in hypocalcemia associated with hypomagnesemia?

A

Magnesium must be corrected first, as low Mg inhibits PTH secretion and calcium absorption.

28
Q

What is the long-term management of chronic hypoparathyroidism?

A

Lifelong calcium and vitamin D supplementation; recombinant PTH (teriparatide) for severe cases.

29
Q

What is the management for postoperative hypocalcemia following parathyroidectomy?

A

Monitor calcium levels closely; provide oral calcium and vitamin D to prevent ‘hungry bone syndrome’.

30
Q

What is the definition of hypercalcemia?

A

Serum calcium >10.5 mg/dL.

31
Q

What are the major causes of hypercalcemia?

A
  1. Primary hyperparathyroidism
  2. Malignancy
  3. Vitamin D toxicity
  4. Granulomatous diseases
  5. Thiazide diuretics
  6. Lithium
  7. Immobilization
  8. Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia (FHH)
32
Q

What are the lab values for primary hyperparathyroidism?

A

Elevated calcium, low phosphate, high PTH, usually due to a parathyroid adenoma.

33
Q

How is hypercalcemia due to primary hyperparathyroidism managed?

A

Parathyroidectomy if symptomatic or if calcium >11.5 mg/dL, osteoporosis, or renal involvement.

34
Q

What is the pharmacologic treatment for hypercalcemia in patients who are not surgical candidates?

A

Cinacalcet, a calcimimetic that reduces PTH secretion.

35
Q

How does secondary hyperparathyroidism present?

A

Low calcium, high PTH, seen in chronic kidney disease or vitamin D deficiency.

36
Q

How does tertiary hyperparathyroidism present?

A
  • High calcium
  • High PTH
  • Normal or high phosphate due to long-term CKD and parathyroid hyperplasia.
37
Q

What differentiates familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia (FHH) from primary hyperparathyroidism?

A

FHH has high serum calcium, high PTH, but low urinary calcium (<100 mg/24hr), while primary hyperparathyroidism has high urinary calcium.

38
Q

What is the treatment for familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia (FHH)?

A

No treatment is needed as this is a benign, autosomal dominant condition.

39
Q

What malignancies commonly cause hypercalcemia?

A
  1. Squamous cell carcinoma (lung, head & neck) via PTHrP
  2. Breast cancer (bone metastases)
  3. Multiple myeloma
  4. Renal cell carcinoma
  5. Lymphomas (vitamin D overproduction)
  • These tend to present with elevated calcium, low phosphate (the renal function is usually un impaired and allows for excretion of phosphate), and low PTH.
40
Q

What medications tend to cause hypercalcemia?

A
  • Milk alkali syndrome
  • Vitamin D Hypervitaminosis
  • Lithium
  • Hydrochlorothiazide
41
Q

What is the treatment approach for hypercalcemia secondary to lithium use?

A

Discontinue lithium if possible; if not, consider cinacalcet to reduce PTH secretion.

42
Q

What is the treatment for milk-alkali syndrome?

A

Discontinue calcium-containing supplements and provide IV hydration to restore kidney function.

43
Q

How is hypercalcemia due to vitamin D toxicity managed?

A

Discontinue vitamin D supplements, provide IV fluids, and consider glucocorticoids to reduce vitamin D activation.

44
Q

What is the acute management of severe hypercalcemia (>14 mg/dL)?

A
  1. IV normal saline
  2. Calcitonin
  3. Bisphosphonates for long-term management
45
Q

When are bisphosphonates used in hypercalcemia?

A

For long-term control, especially in malignancy-associated hypercalcemia.

46
Q

How is hypercalcemia due to prolonged immobilization managed?

A

Bisphosphonates and early mobilization to reduce bone resorption.

47
Q

What medication is used for long-term management of hypercalcemia in malignancy?

A

Bisphosphonates (e.g., zoledronic acid, pamidronate) inhibit bone resorption and prevent recurrent hypercalcemia.

48
Q

When should dialysis be considered in hypercalcemia?

A

In cases of severe hypercalcemia with kidney failure.

49
Q

What is the role of glucocorticoids in hypercalcemia?

A

Used in hypercalcemia due to lymphoma, multiple myeloma, or granulomatous diseases.

50
Q

What is the initial treatment for severe hypercalcemia (>14 mg/dL) or symptomatic patients?

A

IV normal saline hydration to enhance renal calcium excretion, followed by calcitonin for rapid reduction.

51
Q

What is the emergency management for hypercalcemic crisis (Ca >18 mg/dL)?

A

Aggressive IV hydration, calcitonin for rapid effect, bisphosphonates, and hemodialysis if refractory.

52
Q

What is the treatment for hypercalcemia due to granulomatous diseases or lymphoma?

A

Glucocorticoids (e.g., prednisone) reduce vitamin D production and calcium absorption.

53
Q

When is dialysis indicated for hypercalcemia?

A

In patients with kidney failure, refractory hypercalcemia, or life-threatening calcium levels.

54
Q

What is the role of loop diuretics in hypercalcemia treatment?

A

Furosemide can be used after volume resuscitation to promote calcium excretion but should not be used as initial therapy.