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Physical Education 3 & 4 > Chronic Adaptations > Flashcards

Chronic Adaptations Flashcards

1
Q

What are chronic adaptations?

A

long-time physiological changes that occur in response to the increased demands placed on the body through training

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2
Q

what are structural changes

A

The physical makeup of the adaptation

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3
Q

what are functional changes?

A

how the adaptations operate

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4
Q

what are the systems that can get aerobic adaptations?

A

respiratory, cardiovascular, and muscular

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5
Q

What is the aim of aerobic adaptations?

A

to improve LIP and VO2 max

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6
Q

what do we want from respiratory aerobic adaptations?

A

For greater oxygen to be able to be taken in and delivered to where it needs to go

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7
Q

what do we need from respiratory aerobic adaptations?

A

for the system to work efficiently to allow for an increase in oxygen that we are able to intake

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8
Q

what are the 2 types of aerobic respiratory adaptations?

A

increased lung volume and Increased Alveolar-capillary surface area

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9
Q

what does increased lung volume do

A

An increased amount of air to the lungs at the end of a max inspiration. Therefore, an athlete can take in more air and have higher volumes of O2 delivered to working muscles.

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10
Q

what is the structural change of increased lung volume?

A

increased lung volume

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11
Q

what are the functional changes of increased lung volume?

A

increased tidal volume (submax and max), decreased respiratory rate (submax and max), decreased ventilation (rest and submax), increased maximal ventilation, and increased ventilatory efficiency

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12
Q

what does increased alveolar-capillary surface area do?

A

An increase in the surface area between the alveoli air sacs and blood vessels increases the number of sites available for pulmonary diffusion to occur.

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13
Q

what are the structural changes of increased alveolar-capillary surface area?

A

increased alveolar-capillary surface area

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14
Q

what is the functional change of increased alveolar-capillary surface area?

A

increase pulmonary diffusion

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15
Q

Note: For aerobic respiratory adaptations

A

The chronic adaptation of an increased lung volume leads to an increase alveolar-capillary interface

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16
Q

what do we want from cardiovascular aerobic adaptations?

A

to transport oxygen from the bloodstream to the working muscles

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17
Q

what do we need from cardiovascular aerobic adaptations?

A

for the system to work efficiently to allow for increased oxygen transport around the body to the working muscles

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18
Q

what are the 3 types of cardiovascular aerobic adaptations?

A

left ventricle size, blood vessels, and blood

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19
Q

what will increased left ventricle size do?

A

Increased capacity to hold blood in this chamber = heart functioning effectively during physical activity

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20
Q

what are the functional changes for increased left ventricle size?

A

increased stroke volume, decreased heart rate (rest and submax), decreased steady-state heart rate, decreased recovery heart rates, and increased cardiac output at maximal intensity

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21
Q

what is the structural change for increased left ventricle size?

A

increased left ventricle size

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22
Q

what do more blood vessels do?

A

Increased density of capillaries surrounding the working muscles = increased ability to supply blood, O2, and nutrients to the working muscles

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23
Q

what is the structural change of more blood vessels?

A

increased capillarisation of skeletal muscles

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24
Q

what is the functional change of more blood vessels?

A

increased blood flow to working muscles

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25
Q

what does more blood do?

A

Increased volume therefore increased ability to carry nutrients and remove waste

26
Q

what are the structural changes of more blood?

A

increased blood plasma, increased red blood cell count, increased haemoglobin, and increased high-density lipoproteins

27
Q

what does haemoglobin do

A

increases the ability to carry oxygen through the blood

28
Q

what are the functional changes for more blood?

A

increased blood volume, decreased low-density lipoproteins, and decreased blood pressure

29
Q

what do we want from aerobic adaptations in the muscular system?

A

able to adapt to enhance oxygen uptake and consumption through metabolic processes associated with aerobic energy production (utilization)

30
Q

what do we need from aerobic adaptations in the muscular system?

A

For the system to work efficiently to allow for increased oxygen consumption and aerobic energy production

31
Q

what are the 2 types of muscular aerobic adaptations?

A

Oxygen extraction/uptake levels, and oxygen utilization

32
Q

what do oxygen extraction/uptake levels do

A

Increased athlete’s ability to attract O2 into muscle cells.

33
Q

what are the structural changes of oxygen extraction and uptake?

A

Increased capillarisation (capillaries (sites) for oxygen to get diffused to the muscle), and Increased myoglobin (attracts oxygen into the muscle)

34
Q

what is the functional change of oxygen extraction and uptake?

A

increased a-VO2 difference

35
Q

what does oxygen utilisation do?

A

Increased ability to generate aerobic ATP energy.

36
Q

what are the structural changes of oxygen utilisation?

A

Increased size, number, and surface area of mitochondria (greater capacity to produce aerobic energy) and, Increased oxidative enzymes (increased aerobic power (rate of production))

37
Q

what are the functional changes of oxygen utilisation?

A

increased aerobic respiration (mitochondria), increased fat oxidisation (rest and submax), increased glycogen sparing (submax, can use it later on), and increased glycogen oxidisation (maximal)

38
Q

what is the aim of anaerobic adaptations?

A

to increase speed, force of contraction, and tolerance of lactate (H+)

39
Q

what do we want from cardiovascular anaerobic adaptations?

A

increased strength and efficiency of the heart

40
Q

what do we need from cardiovascular anaerobic adaptations?

A

To increase left ventricle wall thickness for increased ejection of blood from left ventricle

41
Q

what is the anaerobic adaptation for the cardiovascular system?

A

hypertrophy of heart

42
Q

what does increased hypertrophy of the heart do to it?

A

Increased muscle size (heart) and thickness of the left ventricle wall

43
Q

what is the structural change from hypertrophy of the heart?

A

increased thickness of the left ventricle wall

44
Q

what are the functional changes from hypertrophy of the heart?

A

more forceful contractions of the heart, and more forceful ejection of blood from the heart

45
Q

what do we want from anaerobic adaptations of the muscular system?

A

To develop anaerobic fitness components and hypertrophy to improve performance in anaerobic events

46
Q

what do we need from anaerobic adaptations of the muscular system?

A

Increase anaerobic capacity, muscular strength, speed, and power

47
Q

what are some physiological effects of muscular anaerobic adaptations?

A

increased ATP and PC stores, increased glycogen stores, increased glycolytic enzymes, increased ATPase (enzyme), and increased tolerance to metabolic by-products (gone past LIP)

48
Q

what is the significance of increased ATP and PC stores?

A

increased capacity of the ATP-PC system

49
Q

what is the significance of increased glycogen stores?

A

Increased utilization of glycogen as a fuel source (improves speed and force production)

50
Q

what is the significance of increased glycolytic enzymes?

A

Increased rate of ATP release from glycogen (improves speed and force production)

51
Q

what is the significance of increased ATPase?

A

Increased turnover of ATP (resynthesis)

52
Q

what is the significance of increased tolerance to metabolic by-products?

A

Increased ability to continue working at high intensities

53
Q

what are the 2 adaptations as a result of resistance training

A

hypertrophy, and neural adaptations

54
Q

what are the structural changes of hypertrophy?

A

Increased number and size of myofibrils (part of muscle fibre (makes them get bigger when more)), increased contractile proteins, and increased size and strength of connective tissues

55
Q

what are the functional changes of hypertrophy?

A

increased force of contraction, increased speed of contraction, and increased structure and function of tendons and ligaments

56
Q

what is the significance of an increased rate of motor unit activation?

A

Increased rate of force development (speed of contraction)

56
Q

what are the physiological effects of neural adaptations?

A

increased motor unit recruitment, Increased rate of motor unit activation, Increased recruitment of fast twitch fibres, and increased motor unit coordination

57
Q

what is the significance of increased motor unit recruitment?

A

Increased force of contraction

58
Q

what is the significance of increased recruitment of fast twitch fibres?

A

Increased rate of force development, increased time for which maximum force can be maintained

59
Q

what is the significance of increased motor unit coordination?

A

Increased force, increased efficiency, and effectiveness for force application

Physical Education 3 & 4 (6 decks)

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