Chronic Adaptations Flashcards
What are chronic adaptations?
long-time physiological changes that occur in response to the increased demands placed on the body through training
what are structural changes
The physical makeup of the adaptation
what are functional changes?
how the adaptations operate
what are the systems that can get aerobic adaptations?
respiratory, cardiovascular, and muscular
What is the aim of aerobic adaptations?
to improve LIP and VO2 max
what do we want from respiratory aerobic adaptations?
For greater oxygen to be able to be taken in and delivered to where it needs to go
what do we need from respiratory aerobic adaptations?
for the system to work efficiently to allow for an increase in oxygen that we are able to intake
what are the 2 types of aerobic respiratory adaptations?
increased lung volume and Increased Alveolar-capillary surface area
what does increased lung volume do
An increased amount of air to the lungs at the end of a max inspiration. Therefore, an athlete can take in more air and have higher volumes of O2 delivered to working muscles.
what is the structural change of increased lung volume?
increased lung volume
what are the functional changes of increased lung volume?
increased tidal volume (submax and max), decreased respiratory rate (submax and max), decreased ventilation (rest and submax), increased maximal ventilation, and increased ventilatory efficiency
what does increased alveolar-capillary surface area do?
An increase in the surface area between the alveoli air sacs and blood vessels increases the number of sites available for pulmonary diffusion to occur.
what are the structural changes of increased alveolar-capillary surface area?
increased alveolar-capillary surface area
what is the functional change of increased alveolar-capillary surface area?
increase pulmonary diffusion
Note: For aerobic respiratory adaptations
The chronic adaptation of an increased lung volume leads to an increase alveolar-capillary interface
what do we want from cardiovascular aerobic adaptations?
to transport oxygen from the bloodstream to the working muscles
what do we need from cardiovascular aerobic adaptations?
for the system to work efficiently to allow for increased oxygen transport around the body to the working muscles
what are the 3 types of cardiovascular aerobic adaptations?
left ventricle size, blood vessels, and blood
what will increased left ventricle size do?
Increased capacity to hold blood in this chamber = heart functioning effectively during physical activity
what are the functional changes for increased left ventricle size?
increased stroke volume, decreased heart rate (rest and submax), decreased steady-state heart rate, decreased recovery heart rates, and increased cardiac output at maximal intensity
what is the structural change for increased left ventricle size?
increased left ventricle size
what do more blood vessels do?
Increased density of capillaries surrounding the working muscles = increased ability to supply blood, O2, and nutrients to the working muscles
what is the structural change of more blood vessels?
increased capillarisation of skeletal muscles
what is the functional change of more blood vessels?
increased blood flow to working muscles
what does more blood do?
Increased volume therefore increased ability to carry nutrients and remove waste
what are the structural changes of more blood?
increased blood plasma, increased red blood cell count, increased haemoglobin, and increased high-density lipoproteins
what does haemoglobin do
increases the ability to carry oxygen through the blood
what are the functional changes for more blood?
increased blood volume, decreased low-density lipoproteins, and decreased blood pressure
what do we want from aerobic adaptations in the muscular system?
able to adapt to enhance oxygen uptake and consumption through metabolic processes associated with aerobic energy production (utilization)
what do we need from aerobic adaptations in the muscular system?
For the system to work efficiently to allow for increased oxygen consumption and aerobic energy production
what are the 2 types of muscular aerobic adaptations?
Oxygen extraction/uptake levels, and oxygen utilization
what do oxygen extraction/uptake levels do
Increased athlete’s ability to attract O2 into muscle cells.
what are the structural changes of oxygen extraction and uptake?
Increased capillarisation (capillaries (sites) for oxygen to get diffused to the muscle), and Increased myoglobin (attracts oxygen into the muscle)
what is the functional change of oxygen extraction and uptake?
increased a-VO2 difference
what does oxygen utilisation do?
Increased ability to generate aerobic ATP energy.
what are the structural changes of oxygen utilisation?
Increased size, number, and surface area of mitochondria (greater capacity to produce aerobic energy) and, Increased oxidative enzymes (increased aerobic power (rate of production))
what are the functional changes of oxygen utilisation?
increased aerobic respiration (mitochondria), increased fat oxidisation (rest and submax), increased glycogen sparing (submax, can use it later on), and increased glycogen oxidisation (maximal)
what is the aim of anaerobic adaptations?
to increase speed, force of contraction, and tolerance of lactate (H+)
what do we want from cardiovascular anaerobic adaptations?
increased strength and efficiency of the heart
what do we need from cardiovascular anaerobic adaptations?
To increase left ventricle wall thickness for increased ejection of blood from left ventricle
what is the anaerobic adaptation for the cardiovascular system?
hypertrophy of heart
what does increased hypertrophy of the heart do to it?
Increased muscle size (heart) and thickness of the left ventricle wall
what is the structural change from hypertrophy of the heart?
increased thickness of the left ventricle wall
what are the functional changes from hypertrophy of the heart?
more forceful contractions of the heart, and more forceful ejection of blood from the heart
what do we want from anaerobic adaptations of the muscular system?
To develop anaerobic fitness components and hypertrophy to improve performance in anaerobic events
what do we need from anaerobic adaptations of the muscular system?
Increase anaerobic capacity, muscular strength, speed, and power
what are some physiological effects of muscular anaerobic adaptations?
increased ATP and PC stores, increased glycogen stores, increased glycolytic enzymes, increased ATPase (enzyme), and increased tolerance to metabolic by-products (gone past LIP)
what is the significance of increased ATP and PC stores?
increased capacity of the ATP-PC system
what is the significance of increased glycogen stores?
Increased utilization of glycogen as a fuel source (improves speed and force production)
what is the significance of increased glycolytic enzymes?
Increased rate of ATP release from glycogen (improves speed and force production)
what is the significance of increased ATPase?
Increased turnover of ATP (resynthesis)
what is the significance of increased tolerance to metabolic by-products?
Increased ability to continue working at high intensities
what are the 2 adaptations as a result of resistance training
hypertrophy, and neural adaptations
what are the structural changes of hypertrophy?
Increased number and size of myofibrils (part of muscle fibre (makes them get bigger when more)), increased contractile proteins, and increased size and strength of connective tissues
what are the functional changes of hypertrophy?
increased force of contraction, increased speed of contraction, and increased structure and function of tendons and ligaments
what is the significance of an increased rate of motor unit activation?
Increased rate of force development (speed of contraction)
what are the physiological effects of neural adaptations?
increased motor unit recruitment, Increased rate of motor unit activation, Increased recruitment of fast twitch fibres, and increased motor unit coordination
what is the significance of increased motor unit recruitment?
Increased force of contraction
what is the significance of increased recruitment of fast twitch fibres?
Increased rate of force development, increased time for which maximum force can be maintained
what is the significance of increased motor unit coordination?
Increased force, increased efficiency, and effectiveness for force application
