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BMS242 CELL AND MOLECULAR > CHROMOSOME STRUCTURE > Flashcards

CHROMOSOME STRUCTURE Flashcards

1
Q

WHAT METHOD CAN BE USED TO SHOW THAT CHROMOSOMES CAN BE EASILY DISTINGUISHED AT METAPHASE OF MITOSIS.

A

CHROMOSOME PAINTING

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2
Q

WHAT IS A CHROMOSOME

A

A HIGHLY COILED FIBRE OF CHROMATIN

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3
Q

WHAT IS EUCHROMATIN

A

CHROMATIN IN ITS 10NM FIBRE FORM WRAPS AROUND HISTONE PROTEINS LIKE A BEAD ON A STRING

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4
Q

WHAT IS HETEROCHROMATIN

A

CHROMATIN IN ITS 30NM FIBRE FORM WRAP INTO NUCLEOSOME ARRAYS IN THEIR MOST COMPACT FORM

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5
Q

WHAT DOES HIGHER LEVEL DNA SUPERCOILING OF THE 30NM FIBRE PRODUCE

A

THE METAPHASE CHROMOSOME

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6
Q

WHAT IS A NUCLEOSOME MADE UP OF

A
  1. A SET OF PROTEINS CALLED A HISTONE OCTAMER (H2A,H2B,H3,H4)X2
  2. A LITTLE LESS THAN TWO TURNS OF DNA
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7
Q

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE NUCLEOSOME

A

CAN BE OPENED UP SO THE MACHINER FOR TRANSCRIPTION/REPAIR ETC CAN ACCESS DNA

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8
Q

HOW IS THE CHROMATIN STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION REGULATED BY THE NUCLEOSOME

A

THE N TERMINUS TAILS OF THE HISTONE PROTEINS INTERACT WITH OTHER PROTEINS FACILITATING REGULATION
THE HISTONE CAN BE ROLLED UP AND DOWN TO HIDE AND EXPOSE DNA FOR TRANSCRIPTION.

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9
Q

WHAT IS A LINKER HISTONE

A

LINKER HISTONES SUCH AS H1 STRAP TO DNA ON HISTONE OCTAMERS LIKE A CLIP TO LIMIT MOVEMENT OF DNA

(THIS IS A FEATURE OF HETEROCHROMATIN - TRANSCRIPTIONALLY SILENT CHROMATIN)

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10
Q

WHAT IS A FRACTAL GLOBULE

A

IN INTERPHASE CHROMATIN COMPRISES OF FRACTAL GLOBULES THAT CAN CONDENSE AND DECONDENSE WITHOUT BECOMING KNOTTED AND THEY ARE MOVED FROM ONE PART OF THE NUCLEUS TO ANOTHER

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11
Q

WHAT ACCOMPANIES TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVATION OF A GENE

A

EUCHROMATIN IS PUSHED IN THE GLOBULAR DOMAINS TO THE CENTRE OF THE NUCLEUS

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12
Q

WHAT IS A TELOMERE

A

DNA SEQUENCE IN LINEAR CHROMOSOMES AT THE END TO MAINTAIN CHROMOSOMAL INTEGRITY

TTAAGGG COPIES

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13
Q

WHAT IS A REPLICATION ORIGIN

A

A DNA SEQUENCE WHERE REPLICATION IS INITIATED

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14
Q

WHAT IS A CENTROMERE

A

DNA SEQUENCES TO WHICH KINETOCHORE ASSEMBLE TO HELP CHROMOSOME SEPARATION

CONTAIN ALPHA SATELLITE REPEATS THAT REPEAT THEMSELVES

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15
Q

WHAT IS A KINETOCHORE

A

A PROTEIN COMPLEX THAT BINDS MICROTUBULES ON THE MITOTIC SPINDLE

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16
Q

WHAT IS CENPA

A

CENTROMERIC PROTEIN A

MAKES CONTACT BETWEEN THE CENTROMERE AND THE INNER PLANE

17
Q

WHAT IS THE SHAPE OF THE KINETOCHORE IN YEAST

A

BASKET SHAPE LINKS A SINGLE NUCLEOSOME OF CENTROMERIC CHROMATIN TO A SINGLE MICROTUBULE

18
Q

HOW MUCH OF THE EUKARYOTIC GENOME CODES FOR CELLULAR PROTEINS

A

APPROX 1.5%

19
Q

WHAT IS INCLUDED WITHIN THE 50% OF DNA WITH UNIQUE CODING SEQUENCES

A
  1. PROTEIN CODING REGIONS
  2. INTRONS
  3. NON REPITITVE DNA THAT IS NEITHER CODONS OR INTRONS
20
Q

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF NON REPITITVE DNA THAT IS NEITHER CODONS OR INTRONS

A

CIS REGULATORY IN FUNCTION IE ACTS ON THE GENES IT SITS WITH TO REGULATION TRANSCIPTION
THE MORE PROTEIN CODING GENES - THE MORE NON CODING REGULATORY DNA

21
Q

50% OF THE GENOME IS MADE UP OF REPEATED SEQUENCES - WHAT DO THESE INCLUDE

A
  1. SIMPLE SEQUENCE REPEATS
  2. SEGMENTAL DUPLICATIONS
  3. TRANSPOSONS
22
Q

WHAT ARE TRANSPOSONS

A

MOBILE GENETIC ELEMENTS THAT JUMP AROUND THE GENOME

23
Q

WHAT ARE THE 3 TYPES OF TRANSPOSONS

A
  1. DNA TRANSPOSONS
  2. RETROVIRAL TRANSPOSONS
  3. NON RETROVIRAL POLYA TRASPOSONS
24
Q

WHAT IS THE METHOD OF DNA TRANSPOSONS

A
  1. MOVE BY CUT AND PASTE MECHANISM
  2. USE OF TRANSPOSASE TO CUT FROM THE STRAND
  3. THE STRAND SELF REPAIRS
  4. THE CUT TRANSPOSOSOME INSERTS RANDOMLY ELSEWHERE
25
Q

WHAT IS THE ADVANTAGE OF TRANSPOSONS

A

FORM NEW GENETIC COMBINATIONS DRIVING EVOLUTION

26
Q

WHAT IS THE METHOD OF RETROVIRAL RETROTRANSPOSONS

A
  1. REPLICATE VIA RNA INTERMEDIATES TO PRODUCE NEW DNA COPIES TO INSERT INTO NEW GENOMIC LOCATIONS
  2. THIS IS DONE USING SELF ENCODED REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE
27
Q

WHAT IS THE METHOD OF NON RETROVIRAL POLY A RETROTRANSPOSONS

A
  1. ACTS LIKE A RETROVIRIUS IN THAT IT USES REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE AND INTEGRASE
  2. BINDS TO DNA PRODUCING A SECOND STRAND WHICH IS THEN INSERTED
    EG LINES AND SINES

BMS242 CELL AND MOLECULAR (14 decks)

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